import collections.abc as collections_abc
from contextlib import contextmanager
from contextlib import nullcontext
import copy
from io import StringIO
import re
import threading
from unittest import mock
from unittest.mock import call
from unittest.mock import Mock
from unittest.mock import patch
import weakref

import sqlalchemy as tsa
from sqlalchemy import bindparam
from sqlalchemy import create_engine
from sqlalchemy import create_mock_engine
from sqlalchemy import event
from sqlalchemy import func
from sqlalchemy import inspect
from sqlalchemy import INT
from sqlalchemy import Integer
from sqlalchemy import LargeBinary
from sqlalchemy import MetaData
from sqlalchemy import select
from sqlalchemy import Sequence
from sqlalchemy import String
from sqlalchemy import testing
from sqlalchemy import text
from sqlalchemy import TypeDecorator
from sqlalchemy import util
from sqlalchemy import VARCHAR
from sqlalchemy.engine import BindTyping
from sqlalchemy.engine import default
from sqlalchemy.engine.base import Connection
from sqlalchemy.engine.base import Engine
from sqlalchemy.pool import AsyncAdaptedQueuePool
from sqlalchemy.pool import NullPool
from sqlalchemy.pool import QueuePool
from sqlalchemy.sql import column
from sqlalchemy.sql import literal
from sqlalchemy.sql.elements import literal_column
from sqlalchemy.testing import assert_raises
from sqlalchemy.testing import assert_raises_message
from sqlalchemy.testing import config
from sqlalchemy.testing import engines
from sqlalchemy.testing import eq_
from sqlalchemy.testing import expect_raises_message
from sqlalchemy.testing import fixtures
from sqlalchemy.testing import is_
from sqlalchemy.testing import is_false
from sqlalchemy.testing import is_not
from sqlalchemy.testing import is_true
from sqlalchemy.testing.assertsql import CompiledSQL
from sqlalchemy.testing.provision import normalize_sequence
from sqlalchemy.testing.schema import Column
from sqlalchemy.testing.schema import Table
from sqlalchemy.testing.util import gc_collect
from sqlalchemy.testing.util import picklers


class SomeException(Exception):
    pass


class Foo:
    def __str__(self):
        return "foo"

    def __unicode__(self):
        return "fóó"


class ExecuteTest(fixtures.TablesTest):

    @classmethod
    def define_tables(cls, metadata):
        Table(
            "users",
            metadata,
            Column("user_id", INT, primary_key=True, autoincrement=False),
            Column("user_name", VARCHAR(20)),
        )
        Table(
            "users_autoinc",
            metadata,
            Column(
                "user_id", INT, primary_key=True, test_needs_autoincrement=True
            ),
            Column("user_name", VARCHAR(20)),
        )

    def test_no_strings(self, connection):
        with expect_raises_message(
            tsa.exc.ObjectNotExecutableError,
            "Not an executable object: 'select 1'",
        ):
            connection.execute("select 1")

    def test_raw_positional_invalid(self, connection):
        assert_raises_message(
            tsa.exc.ArgumentError,
            "List argument must consist only of tuples or dictionaries",
            connection.exec_driver_sql,
            "insert into users (user_id, user_name) values (?, ?)",
            [2, "fred"],
        )

        assert_raises_message(
            tsa.exc.ArgumentError,
            "List argument must consist only of tuples or dictionaries",
            connection.exec_driver_sql,
            "insert into users (user_id, user_name) values (?, ?)",
            [[3, "ed"], [4, "horse"]],
        )

    def test_raw_named_invalid(self, connection):
        # this is awkward b.c. this is just testing if regular Python
        # is raising TypeError if they happened to send arguments that
        # look like the legacy ones which also happen to conflict with
        # the positional signature for the method.   some combinations
        # can get through and fail differently
        assert_raises(
            TypeError,
            connection.exec_driver_sql,
            "insert into users (user_id, user_name) "
            "values (%(id)s, %(name)s)",
            {"id": 2, "name": "ed"},
            {"id": 3, "name": "horse"},
            {"id": 4, "name": "horse"},
        )
        assert_raises(
            TypeError,
            connection.exec_driver_sql,
            "insert into users (user_id, user_name) "
            "values (%(id)s, %(name)s)",
            id=4,
            name="sally",
        )

    def test_dialect_has_table_assertion(self):
        with expect_raises_message(
            tsa.exc.ArgumentError,
            r"The argument passed to Dialect.has_table\(\) should be a",
        ):
            testing.db.dialect.has_table(testing.db, "some_table")

    def test_not_an_executable(self):
        for obj in (
            Table("foo", MetaData(), Column("x", Integer)),
            Column("x", Integer),
            tsa.and_(True),
            tsa.and_(True).compile(),
            column("foo"),
            column("foo").compile(),
            select(1).cte(),
            # select(1).subquery(),
            MetaData(),
            Integer(),
            tsa.Index(name="foo"),
            tsa.UniqueConstraint("x"),
        ):
            with testing.db.connect() as conn:
                assert_raises_message(
                    tsa.exc.ObjectNotExecutableError,
                    "Not an executable object",
                    conn.execute,
                    obj,
                )

    def test_stmt_exception_bytestring_raised(self):
        name = "méil"
        users = self.tables.users
        with testing.db.connect() as conn:
            assert_raises_message(
                tsa.exc.StatementError,
                "A value is required for bind parameter 'uname'\n"
                ".*SELECT users.user_name AS .méil.",
                conn.execute,
                select(users.c.user_name.label(name)).where(
                    users.c.user_name == bindparam("uname")
                ),
                {"uname_incorrect": "foo"},
            )

    def test_stmt_exception_bytestring_utf8(self):
        # uncommon case for Py3K, bytestring object passed
        # as the error message
        message = "some message méil".encode()

        err = tsa.exc.SQLAlchemyError(message)
        eq_(str(err), "some message méil")

    def test_stmt_exception_bytestring_latin1(self):
        # uncommon case for Py3K, bytestring object passed
        # as the error message
        message = "some message méil".encode("latin-1")

        err = tsa.exc.SQLAlchemyError(message)
        eq_(str(err), "some message m\\xe9il")

    def test_stmt_exception_unicode_hook_unicode(self):
        # uncommon case for Py2K, Unicode object passed
        # as the error message
        message = "some message méil"

        err = tsa.exc.SQLAlchemyError(message)
        eq_(str(err), "some message méil")

    def test_stmt_exception_object_arg(self):
        err = tsa.exc.SQLAlchemyError(Foo())
        eq_(str(err), "foo")

    def test_stmt_exception_str_multi_args(self):
        err = tsa.exc.SQLAlchemyError("some message", 206)
        eq_(str(err), "('some message', 206)")

    def test_stmt_exception_str_multi_args_bytestring(self):
        message = "some message méil".encode()

        err = tsa.exc.SQLAlchemyError(message, 206)
        eq_(str(err), str((message, 206)))

    def test_stmt_exception_str_multi_args_unicode(self):
        message = "some message méil"

        err = tsa.exc.SQLAlchemyError(message, 206)
        eq_(str(err), str((message, 206)))

    def test_generative_engine_event_dispatch_hasevents(self, testing_engine):
        def l1(*arg, **kw):
            pass

        eng = testing_engine()
        assert not eng._has_events
        event.listen(eng, "before_execute", l1)
        eng2 = eng.execution_options(foo="bar")
        assert eng2._has_events

    def test_scalar(self, connection):
        conn = connection
        users = self.tables.users
        conn.execute(
            users.insert(),
            [
                {"user_id": 1, "user_name": "sandy"},
                {"user_id": 2, "user_name": "spongebob"},
            ],
        )
        res = conn.scalar(select(users.c.user_name).order_by(users.c.user_id))
        eq_(res, "sandy")

    def test_scalars(self, connection):
        conn = connection
        users = self.tables.users
        conn.execute(
            users.insert(),
            [
                {"user_id": 1, "user_name": "sandy"},
                {"user_id": 2, "user_name": "spongebob"},
            ],
        )
        res = conn.scalars(select(users.c.user_name).order_by(users.c.user_id))
        eq_(res.all(), ["sandy", "spongebob"])

    @testing.combinations(
        ({"user_id": 1, "user_name": "name1"},),
        ([{"user_id": 1, "user_name": "name1"}],),
        (({"user_id": 1, "user_name": "name1"},),),
        (
            [
                {"user_id": 1, "user_name": "name1"},
                {"user_id": 2, "user_name": "name2"},
            ],
        ),
        argnames="parameters",
    )
    def test_params_interpretation(self, connection, parameters):
        users = self.tables.users

        connection.execute(users.insert(), parameters)


class ConvenienceExecuteTest(fixtures.TablesTest):

    @classmethod
    def define_tables(cls, metadata):
        cls.table = Table(
            "exec_test",
            metadata,
            Column("a", Integer),
            Column("b", Integer),
            test_needs_acid=True,
        )

    def _trans_fn(self, is_transaction=False):
        def go(conn, x, value=None):
            if is_transaction:
                conn = conn.connection
            conn.execute(self.table.insert().values(a=x, b=value))

        return go

    def _trans_rollback_fn(self, is_transaction=False):
        def go(conn, x, value=None):
            if is_transaction:
                conn = conn.connection
            conn.execute(self.table.insert().values(a=x, b=value))
            raise SomeException("breakage")

        return go

    def _assert_no_data(self):
        with testing.db.connect() as conn:
            eq_(
                conn.scalar(select(func.count("*")).select_from(self.table)),
                0,
            )

    def _assert_fn(self, x, value=None):
        with testing.db.connect() as conn:
            eq_(conn.execute(self.table.select()).fetchall(), [(x, value)])

    def test_transaction_engine_ctx_commit(self):
        fn = self._trans_fn()
        ctx = testing.db.begin()
        testing.run_as_contextmanager(ctx, fn, 5, value=8)
        self._assert_fn(5, value=8)

    def test_transaction_engine_ctx_begin_fails_dont_enter_enter(self):
        """test #7272"""
        engine = engines.testing_engine()

        mock_connection = Mock(
            return_value=Mock(begin=Mock(side_effect=Exception("boom")))
        )
        with mock.patch.object(engine, "_connection_cls", mock_connection):
            # context manager isn't entered, doesn't actually call
            # connect() or connection.begin()
            engine.begin()

        eq_(mock_connection.return_value.close.mock_calls, [])

    def test_transaction_engine_ctx_begin_fails_include_enter(self):
        """test #7272

        Note this behavior for 2.0 required that we add a new flag to
        Connection _allow_autobegin=False, so that the first-connect
        initialization sequence in create.py does not actually run begin()
        events. previously, the initialize sequence used a future=False
        connection unconditionally (and I didn't notice this).

        """
        engine = engines.testing_engine()

        close_mock = Mock()
        with mock.patch.object(
            engine._connection_cls,
            "begin",
            Mock(side_effect=Exception("boom")),
        ), mock.patch.object(engine._connection_cls, "close", close_mock):
            with expect_raises_message(Exception, "boom"):
                with engine.begin():
                    pass

        eq_(close_mock.mock_calls, [call()])

    def test_transaction_engine_ctx_rollback(self):
        fn = self._trans_rollback_fn()
        ctx = testing.db.begin()
        assert_raises_message(
            Exception,
            "breakage",
            testing.run_as_contextmanager,
            ctx,
            fn,
            5,
            value=8,
        )
        self._assert_no_data()

    def test_transaction_connection_ctx_commit(self):
        fn = self._trans_fn(True)
        with testing.db.connect() as conn:
            ctx = conn.begin()
            testing.run_as_contextmanager(ctx, fn, 5, value=8)
            self._assert_fn(5, value=8)

    def test_transaction_connection_ctx_rollback(self):
        fn = self._trans_rollback_fn(True)
        with testing.db.connect() as conn:
            ctx = conn.begin()
            assert_raises_message(
                Exception,
                "breakage",
                testing.run_as_contextmanager,
                ctx,
                fn,
                5,
                value=8,
            )
            self._assert_no_data()

    def test_connection_as_ctx(self):
        fn = self._trans_fn()
        with testing.db.begin() as conn:
            fn(conn, 5, value=8)
        self._assert_fn(5, value=8)


class ExecuteDriverTest(fixtures.TablesTest):
    __backend__ = True

    @classmethod
    def define_tables(cls, metadata):
        Table(
            "users",
            metadata,
            Column("user_id", INT, primary_key=True, autoincrement=False),
            Column("user_name", VARCHAR(20)),
        )
        Table(
            "users_autoinc",
            metadata,
            Column(
                "user_id", INT, primary_key=True, test_needs_autoincrement=True
            ),
            Column("user_name", VARCHAR(20)),
        )

    def test_no_params_option(self):
        stmt = (
            "SELECT '%'"
            + testing.db.dialect.statement_compiler(
                testing.db.dialect, None
            ).default_from()
        )

        with testing.db.connect() as conn:
            result = (
                conn.execution_options(no_parameters=True)
                .exec_driver_sql(stmt)
                .scalar()
            )
            eq_(result, "%")

    @testing.requires.qmark_paramstyle
    def test_raw_qmark(self, connection):
        conn = connection
        conn.exec_driver_sql(
            "insert into users (user_id, user_name) values (?, ?)",
            (1, "jack"),
        )
        conn.exec_driver_sql(
            "insert into users (user_id, user_name) values (?, ?)",
            (2, "fred"),
        )
        conn.exec_driver_sql(
            "insert into users (user_id, user_name) values (?, ?)",
            [(3, "ed"), (4, "horse")],
        )
        conn.exec_driver_sql(
            "insert into users (user_id, user_name) values (?, ?)",
            [(5, "barney"), (6, "donkey")],
        )
        conn.exec_driver_sql(
            "insert into users (user_id, user_name) values (?, ?)",
            (7, "sally"),
        )
        res = conn.exec_driver_sql("select * from users order by user_id")
        assert res.fetchall() == [
            (1, "jack"),
            (2, "fred"),
            (3, "ed"),
            (4, "horse"),
            (5, "barney"),
            (6, "donkey"),
            (7, "sally"),
        ]

        res = conn.exec_driver_sql(
            "select * from users where user_name=?", ("jack",)
        )
        assert res.fetchall() == [(1, "jack")]

    @testing.requires.format_paramstyle
    def test_raw_sprintf(self, connection):
        conn = connection
        conn.exec_driver_sql(
            "insert into users (user_id, user_name) values (%s, %s)",
            (1, "jack"),
        )
        conn.exec_driver_sql(
            "insert into users (user_id, user_name) values (%s, %s)",
            [(2, "ed"), (3, "horse")],
        )
        conn.exec_driver_sql(
            "insert into users (user_id, user_name) values (%s, %s)",
            (4, "sally"),
        )
        conn.exec_driver_sql("insert into users (user_id) values (%s)", (5,))
        res = conn.exec_driver_sql("select * from users order by user_id")
        assert res.fetchall() == [
            (1, "jack"),
            (2, "ed"),
            (3, "horse"),
            (4, "sally"),
            (5, None),
        ]

        res = conn.exec_driver_sql(
            "select * from users where user_name=%s", ("jack",)
        )
        assert res.fetchall() == [(1, "jack")]

    @testing.requires.pyformat_paramstyle
    def test_raw_python(self, connection):
        conn = connection
        conn.exec_driver_sql(
            "insert into users (user_id, user_name) "
            "values (%(id)s, %(name)s)",
            {"id": 1, "name": "jack"},
        )
        conn.exec_driver_sql(
            "insert into users (user_id, user_name) "
            "values (%(id)s, %(name)s)",
            [{"id": 2, "name": "ed"}, {"id": 3, "name": "horse"}],
        )
        conn.exec_driver_sql(
            "insert into users (user_id, user_name) "
            "values (%(id)s, %(name)s)",
            dict(id=4, name="sally"),
        )
        res = conn.exec_driver_sql("select * from users order by user_id")
        assert res.fetchall() == [
            (1, "jack"),
            (2, "ed"),
            (3, "horse"),
            (4, "sally"),
        ]

    @testing.requires.named_paramstyle
    def test_raw_named(self, connection):
        conn = connection
        conn.exec_driver_sql(
            "insert into users (user_id, user_name) values (:id, :name)",
            {"id": 1, "name": "jack"},
        )
        conn.exec_driver_sql(
            "insert into users (user_id, user_name) values (:id, :name)",
            [{"id": 2, "name": "ed"}, {"id": 3, "name": "horse"}],
        )
        conn.exec_driver_sql(
            "insert into users (user_id, user_name) values (:id, :name)",
            {"id": 4, "name": "sally"},
        )
        res = conn.exec_driver_sql("select * from users order by user_id")
        assert res.fetchall() == [
            (1, "jack"),
            (2, "ed"),
            (3, "horse"),
            (4, "sally"),
        ]

    def test_raw_tuple_params(self, connection):
        """test #7820

        There was an apparent improvement in the distill params
        methodology used in exec_driver_sql which allows raw tuples to
        pass through.  In 1.4 there seems to be a _distill_cursor_params()
        function that says it can handle this kind of parameter, but it isn't
        used and when I tried to substitute it in for exec_driver_sql(),
        things still fail.

        In any case, add coverage here for the use case of passing
        direct tuple params to exec_driver_sql including as the first
        param, to note that it isn't mis-interpreted the way it is
        in 1.x.

        """

        with patch.object(connection.dialect, "do_execute") as do_exec:
            connection.exec_driver_sql(
                "UPDATE users SET user_name = 'query_one' WHERE "
                "user_id = %s OR user_id IN %s",
                (3, (1, 2)),
            )

            connection.exec_driver_sql(
                "UPDATE users SET user_name = 'query_two' WHERE "
                "user_id IN %s OR user_id = %s",
                ((1, 2), 3),
            )

        eq_(
            do_exec.mock_calls,
            [
                call(
                    mock.ANY,
                    "UPDATE users SET user_name = 'query_one' "
                    "WHERE user_id = %s OR user_id IN %s",
                    connection.dialect.execute_sequence_format((3, (1, 2))),
                    mock.ANY,
                ),
                call(
                    mock.ANY,
                    "UPDATE users SET user_name = 'query_two' "
                    "WHERE user_id IN %s OR user_id = %s",
                    connection.dialect.execute_sequence_format(((1, 2), 3)),
                    mock.ANY,
                ),
            ],
        )

    def test_non_dict_mapping(self, connection):
        """ensure arbitrary Mapping works for execute()"""

        class NotADict(collections_abc.Mapping):
            def __init__(self, _data):
                self._data = _data

            def __iter__(self):
                return iter(self._data)

            def __len__(self):
                return len(self._data)

            def __getitem__(self, key):
                return self._data[key]

            def keys(self):
                return self._data.keys()

        nd = NotADict({"a": 10, "b": 15})
        eq_(dict(nd), {"a": 10, "b": 15})

        result = connection.execute(
            select(
                bindparam("a", type_=Integer), bindparam("b", type_=Integer)
            ),
            nd,
        )
        eq_(result.first(), (10, 15))

    def test_row_works_as_mapping(self, connection):
        """ensure the RowMapping object works as a parameter dictionary for
        execute."""

        result = connection.execute(
            select(literal(10).label("a"), literal(15).label("b"))
        )
        row = result.first()
        eq_(row, (10, 15))
        eq_(row._mapping, {"a": 10, "b": 15})

        result = connection.execute(
            select(
                bindparam("a", type_=Integer).label("a"),
                bindparam("b", type_=Integer).label("b"),
            ),
            row._mapping,
        )
        row = result.first()
        eq_(row, (10, 15))
        eq_(row._mapping, {"a": 10, "b": 15})

    def test_exception_wrapping_dbapi(self):
        with testing.db.connect() as conn:
            # engine does not have exec_driver_sql
            assert_raises_message(
                tsa.exc.DBAPIError,
                r"not_a_valid_statement",
                conn.exec_driver_sql,
                "not_a_valid_statement",
            )

    @testing.requires.sqlite
    def test_exception_wrapping_non_dbapi_error(self):
        e = create_engine("sqlite://")
        e.dialect.is_disconnect = is_disconnect = Mock()

        with e.connect() as c:
            c.connection.cursor = Mock(
                return_value=Mock(
                    execute=Mock(
                        side_effect=TypeError("I'm not a DBAPI error")
                    )
                )
            )
            assert_raises_message(
                TypeError,
                "I'm not a DBAPI error",
                c.exec_driver_sql,
                "select ",
            )
            eq_(is_disconnect.call_count, 0)

    def test_exception_wrapping_non_standard_dbapi_error(self):
        class DBAPIError(Exception):
            pass

        class OperationalError(DBAPIError):
            pass

        class NonStandardException(OperationalError):
            pass

        # TODO: this test is assuming too much of arbitrary dialects and would
        # be better suited tested against a single mock dialect that does not
        # have any special behaviors
        with patch.object(
            testing.db.dialect, "dbapi", Mock(Error=DBAPIError)
        ), patch.object(
            testing.db.dialect, "loaded_dbapi", Mock(Error=DBAPIError)
        ), patch.object(
            testing.db.dialect, "is_disconnect", lambda *arg: False
        ), patch.object(
            testing.db.dialect,
            "do_execute",
            Mock(side_effect=NonStandardException),
        ), patch.object(
            testing.db.dialect.execution_ctx_cls,
            "handle_dbapi_exception",
            Mock(),
        ):
            with testing.db.connect() as conn:
                assert_raises(
                    tsa.exc.OperationalError, conn.exec_driver_sql, "select 1"
                )

    def test_exception_wrapping_non_dbapi_statement(self):
        class MyType(TypeDecorator):
            impl = Integer
            cache_ok = True

            def process_bind_param(self, value, dialect):
                raise SomeException("nope")

        def _go(conn):
            assert_raises_message(
                tsa.exc.StatementError,
                r"\(.*.SomeException\) " r"nope\n\[SQL\: u?SELECT 1 ",
                conn.execute,
                select(1).where(column("foo") == literal("bar", MyType())),
            )

        with testing.db.connect() as conn:
            _go(conn)

    def test_stmt_exception_pickleable_no_dbapi(self):
        self._test_stmt_exception_pickleable(Exception("hello world"))

    @testing.crashes(
        "postgresql+psycopg2",
        "Older versions don't support cursor pickling, newer ones do",
    )
    @testing.fails_on(
        "+mysqlconnector",
        "Exception doesn't come back exactly the same from pickle",
    )
    @testing.fails_on(
        "oracle+cx_oracle",
        "cx_oracle exception seems to be having some issue with pickling",
    )
    @testing.fails_on(
        "oracle+oracledb",
        "oracledb exception seems to be having some issue with pickling",
    )
    def test_stmt_exception_pickleable_plus_dbapi(self):
        raw = testing.db.raw_connection()
        the_orig = None
        try:
            try:
                cursor = raw.cursor()
                cursor.execute("SELECTINCORRECT")
            except testing.db.dialect.dbapi.Error as orig:
                # py3k has "orig" in local scope...
                the_orig = orig
        finally:
            raw.close()
        self._test_stmt_exception_pickleable(the_orig)

    def _test_stmt_exception_pickleable(self, orig):
        for sa_exc in (
            tsa.exc.StatementError(
                "some error",
                "select * from table",
                {"foo": "bar"},
                orig,
                False,
            ),
            tsa.exc.InterfaceError(
                "select * from table", {"foo": "bar"}, orig, True
            ),
            tsa.exc.NoReferencedTableError("message", "tname"),
            tsa.exc.NoReferencedColumnError("message", "tname", "cname"),
            tsa.exc.CircularDependencyError(
                "some message", [1, 2, 3], [(1, 2), (3, 4)]
            ),
        ):
            for loads, dumps in picklers():
                repickled = loads(dumps(sa_exc))
                eq_(repickled.args[0], sa_exc.args[0])
                if isinstance(sa_exc, tsa.exc.StatementError):
                    eq_(repickled.params, {"foo": "bar"})
                    eq_(repickled.statement, sa_exc.statement)
                    if hasattr(sa_exc, "connection_invalidated"):
                        eq_(
                            repickled.connection_invalidated,
                            sa_exc.connection_invalidated,
                        )
                    eq_(repickled.orig.args[0], orig.args[0])

    def test_dont_wrap_mixin(self):
        class MyException(Exception, tsa.exc.DontWrapMixin):
            pass

        class MyType(TypeDecorator):
            impl = Integer
            cache_ok = True

            def process_bind_param(self, value, dialect):
                raise MyException("nope")

        def _go(conn):
            assert_raises_message(
                MyException,
                "nope",
                conn.execute,
                select(1).where(column("foo") == literal("bar", MyType())),
            )

        conn = testing.db.connect()
        try:
            _go(conn)
        finally:
            conn.close()

    def test_empty_insert(self, connection):
        """test that execute() interprets [] as a list with no params"""
        users_autoinc = self.tables.users_autoinc

        connection.execute(
            users_autoinc.insert().values(user_name=bindparam("name", None)),
            [],
        )
        eq_(connection.execute(users_autoinc.select()).fetchall(), [(1, None)])

    @testing.only_on("sqlite")
    def test_execute_compiled_favors_compiled_paramstyle(self):
        users = self.tables.users

        with patch.object(testing.db.dialect, "do_execute") as do_exec:
            stmt = users.update().values(user_id=1, user_name="foo")

            d1 = default.DefaultDialect(paramstyle="format")
            d2 = default.DefaultDialect(paramstyle="pyformat")

            with testing.db.begin() as conn:
                conn.execute(stmt.compile(dialect=d1))
                conn.execute(stmt.compile(dialect=d2))

            eq_(
                do_exec.mock_calls,
                [
                    call(
                        mock.ANY,
                        "UPDATE users SET user_id=%s, user_name=%s",
                        (1, "foo"),
                        mock.ANY,
                    ),
                    call(
                        mock.ANY,
                        "UPDATE users SET user_id=%(user_id)s, "
                        "user_name=%(user_name)s",
                        {"user_name": "foo", "user_id": 1},
                        mock.ANY,
                    ),
                ],
            )

    def test_works_after_dispose_testing_engine(self):
        eng = engines.testing_engine()
        for i in range(3):
            with eng.connect() as conn:
                eq_(conn.scalar(select(1)), 1)
            eng.dispose()


class CompiledCacheTest(fixtures.TestBase):
    __sparse_driver_backend__ = True

    def test_cache(self, connection, metadata):
        users = Table(
            "users",
            metadata,
            Column(
                "user_id", INT, primary_key=True, test_needs_autoincrement=True
            ),
            Column("user_name", VARCHAR(20)),
            Column("extra_data", VARCHAR(20)),
        )
        users.create(connection)

        conn = connection
        cache = {}
        cached_conn = conn.execution_options(compiled_cache=cache)

        ins = users.insert()
        with patch.object(
            ins, "_compiler", Mock(side_effect=ins._compiler)
        ) as compile_mock:
            cached_conn.execute(ins, {"user_name": "u1"})
            cached_conn.execute(ins, {"user_name": "u2"})
            cached_conn.execute(ins, {"user_name": "u3"})
        eq_(compile_mock.call_count, 1)
        assert len(cache) == 1
        eq_(conn.exec_driver_sql("select count(*) from users").scalar(), 3)

    @testing.only_on(
        ["sqlite", "mysql", "postgresql"],
        "uses blob value that is problematic for some DBAPIs",
    )
    def test_cache_noleak_on_statement_values(self, metadata, connection):
        # This is a non regression test for an object reference leak caused
        # by the compiled_cache.

        photo = Table(
            "photo",
            metadata,
            Column(
                "id", Integer, primary_key=True, test_needs_autoincrement=True
            ),
            Column("photo_blob", LargeBinary()),
        )
        metadata.create_all(connection)

        cache = {}
        cached_conn = connection.execution_options(compiled_cache=cache)

        class PhotoBlob(bytearray):
            pass

        blob = PhotoBlob(100)
        ref_blob = weakref.ref(blob)

        ins = photo.insert()
        with patch.object(
            ins, "_compiler", Mock(side_effect=ins._compiler)
        ) as compile_mock:
            cached_conn.execute(ins, {"photo_blob": blob})
        eq_(compile_mock.call_count, 1)
        eq_(len(cache), 1)
        eq_(
            connection.exec_driver_sql("select count(*) from photo").scalar(),
            1,
        )

        del blob

        gc_collect()

        # The compiled statement cache should not hold any reference to the
        # the statement values (only the keys).
        eq_(ref_blob(), None)

    def test_keys_independent_of_ordering(self, connection, metadata):
        users = Table(
            "users",
            metadata,
            Column(
                "user_id", INT, primary_key=True, test_needs_autoincrement=True
            ),
            Column("user_name", VARCHAR(20)),
            Column("extra_data", VARCHAR(20)),
        )
        users.create(connection)

        connection.execute(
            users.insert(),
            {"user_id": 1, "user_name": "u1", "extra_data": "e1"},
        )
        cache = {}
        cached_conn = connection.execution_options(compiled_cache=cache)

        upd = users.update().where(users.c.user_id == bindparam("b_user_id"))

        with patch.object(
            upd, "_compiler", Mock(side_effect=upd._compiler)
        ) as compile_mock:
            cached_conn.execute(
                upd,
                util.OrderedDict(
                    [
                        ("b_user_id", 1),
                        ("user_name", "u2"),
                        ("extra_data", "e2"),
                    ]
                ),
            )
            cached_conn.execute(
                upd,
                util.OrderedDict(
                    [
                        ("b_user_id", 1),
                        ("extra_data", "e3"),
                        ("user_name", "u3"),
                    ]
                ),
            )
            cached_conn.execute(
                upd,
                util.OrderedDict(
                    [
                        ("extra_data", "e4"),
                        ("user_name", "u4"),
                        ("b_user_id", 1),
                    ]
                ),
            )
        eq_(compile_mock.call_count, 1)
        eq_(len(cache), 1)

    @testing.requires.schemas
    def test_schema_translate_in_key(self, metadata, connection):
        Table("x", metadata, Column("q", Integer))
        Table("x", metadata, Column("q", Integer), schema=config.test_schema)
        metadata.create_all(connection)

        m = MetaData()
        t1 = Table("x", m, Column("q", Integer))
        ins = t1.insert()
        stmt = select(t1.c.q)

        cache = {}

        conn = connection.execution_options(compiled_cache=cache)
        conn.execute(ins, {"q": 1})
        eq_(conn.scalar(stmt), 1)

        conn = connection.execution_options(
            compiled_cache=cache,
            schema_translate_map={None: config.test_schema},
        )
        conn.execute(ins, {"q": 2})
        eq_(conn.scalar(stmt), 2)

        conn = connection.execution_options(
            compiled_cache=cache,
            schema_translate_map={None: None},
        )
        # should use default schema again even though statement
        # was compiled with test_schema in the map
        eq_(conn.scalar(stmt), 1)

        conn = connection.execution_options(
            compiled_cache=cache,
        )
        eq_(conn.scalar(stmt), 1)


class MockStrategyTest(fixtures.TestBase):
    def _engine_fixture(self):
        buf = StringIO()

        def dump(sql, *multiparams, **params):
            buf.write(str(sql.compile(dialect=engine.dialect)))

        engine = create_mock_engine("postgresql+psycopg2://", executor=dump)
        return engine, buf

    def test_sequence_not_duped(self):
        engine, buf = self._engine_fixture()
        metadata = MetaData()
        t = Table(
            "testtable",
            metadata,
            Column(
                "pk",
                Integer,
                normalize_sequence(config, Sequence("testtable_pk_seq")),
                primary_key=True,
            ),
        )

        t.create(engine)
        t.drop(engine)

        eq_(re.findall(r"CREATE (\w+)", buf.getvalue()), ["SEQUENCE", "TABLE"])

        eq_(re.findall(r"DROP (\w+)", buf.getvalue()), ["TABLE", "SEQUENCE"])


class SchemaTranslateTest(fixtures.TestBase, testing.AssertsExecutionResults):
    __requires__ = ("schemas",)
    __sparse_driver_backend__ = True

    @testing.fixture
    def plain_tables(self, metadata):
        t1 = Table(
            "t1", metadata, Column("x", Integer), schema=config.test_schema
        )
        t2 = Table(
            "t2", metadata, Column("x", Integer), schema=config.test_schema
        )
        t3 = Table("t3", metadata, Column("x", Integer), schema=None)

        return t1, t2, t3

    @testing.fixture
    def same_named_tables(self, metadata, connection):
        ts1 = Table(
            "t1", metadata, Column("x", String(10)), schema=config.test_schema
        )
        tsnone = Table("t1", metadata, Column("x", String(10)), schema=None)

        metadata.create_all(connection)

        connection.execute(ts1.insert().values(x="ts1"))
        connection.execute(tsnone.insert().values(x="tsnone"))
        return ts1, tsnone

    def test_create_table(self, plain_tables, connection):
        map_ = {
            None: config.test_schema,
            "foo": config.test_schema,
            "bar": None,
        }

        metadata = MetaData()
        t1 = Table("t1", metadata, Column("x", Integer))
        t2 = Table("t2", metadata, Column("x", Integer), schema="foo")
        t3 = Table("t3", metadata, Column("x", Integer), schema="bar")

        with self.sql_execution_asserter(connection) as asserter:
            conn = connection.execution_options(schema_translate_map=map_)

            t1.create(conn)
            t2.create(conn)
            t3.create(conn)

            t3.drop(conn)
            t2.drop(conn)
            t1.drop(conn)

        asserter.assert_(
            CompiledSQL("CREATE TABLE __[SCHEMA__none].t1 (x INTEGER)"),
            CompiledSQL("CREATE TABLE __[SCHEMA_foo].t2 (x INTEGER)"),
            CompiledSQL("CREATE TABLE __[SCHEMA_bar].t3 (x INTEGER)"),
            CompiledSQL("DROP TABLE __[SCHEMA_bar].t3"),
            CompiledSQL("DROP TABLE __[SCHEMA_foo].t2"),
            CompiledSQL("DROP TABLE __[SCHEMA__none].t1"),
        )

    def test_ddl_hastable(self, plain_tables, connection):
        map_ = {
            None: config.test_schema,
            "foo": config.test_schema,
            "bar": None,
        }

        metadata = MetaData()
        Table("t1", metadata, Column("x", Integer))
        Table("t2", metadata, Column("x", Integer), schema="foo")
        Table("t3", metadata, Column("x", Integer), schema="bar")

        conn = connection.execution_options(schema_translate_map=map_)
        metadata.create_all(conn)

        insp = inspect(connection)
        is_true(insp.has_table("t1", schema=config.test_schema))
        is_true(insp.has_table("t2", schema=config.test_schema))
        is_true(insp.has_table("t3", schema=None))

        conn = connection.execution_options(schema_translate_map=map_)

        # if this test fails, the tables won't get dropped.  so need a
        # more robust fixture for this
        metadata.drop_all(conn)

        insp = inspect(connection)
        is_false(insp.has_table("t1", schema=config.test_schema))
        is_false(insp.has_table("t2", schema=config.test_schema))
        is_false(insp.has_table("t3", schema=None))

    def test_option_on_execute(self, plain_tables, connection):
        # provided by metadata fixture provided by plain_tables fixture
        self.metadata.create_all(connection)

        map_ = {
            None: config.test_schema,
            "foo": config.test_schema,
            "bar": None,
        }

        metadata = MetaData()
        t1 = Table("t1", metadata, Column("x", Integer))
        t2 = Table("t2", metadata, Column("x", Integer), schema="foo")
        t3 = Table("t3", metadata, Column("x", Integer), schema="bar")

        with self.sql_execution_asserter(connection) as asserter:
            conn = connection
            execution_options = {"schema_translate_map": map_}
            conn.execute(
                t1.insert(), {"x": 1}, execution_options=execution_options
            )
            conn.execute(
                t2.insert(), {"x": 1}, execution_options=execution_options
            )
            conn.execute(
                t3.insert(), {"x": 1}, execution_options=execution_options
            )

            conn.execute(
                t1.update().values(x=1).where(t1.c.x == 1),
                execution_options=execution_options,
            )
            conn.execute(
                t2.update().values(x=2).where(t2.c.x == 1),
                execution_options=execution_options,
            )
            conn.execute(
                t3.update().values(x=3).where(t3.c.x == 1),
                execution_options=execution_options,
            )

            eq_(
                conn.execute(
                    select(t1.c.x), execution_options=execution_options
                ).scalar(),
                1,
            )
            eq_(
                conn.execute(
                    select(t2.c.x), execution_options=execution_options
                ).scalar(),
                2,
            )
            eq_(
                conn.execute(
                    select(t3.c.x), execution_options=execution_options
                ).scalar(),
                3,
            )

            conn.execute(t1.delete(), execution_options=execution_options)
            conn.execute(t2.delete(), execution_options=execution_options)
            conn.execute(t3.delete(), execution_options=execution_options)

        asserter.assert_(
            CompiledSQL("INSERT INTO __[SCHEMA__none].t1 (x) VALUES (:x)"),
            CompiledSQL("INSERT INTO __[SCHEMA_foo].t2 (x) VALUES (:x)"),
            CompiledSQL("INSERT INTO __[SCHEMA_bar].t3 (x) VALUES (:x)"),
            CompiledSQL(
                "UPDATE __[SCHEMA__none].t1 SET x=:x WHERE "
                "__[SCHEMA__none].t1.x = :x_1"
            ),
            CompiledSQL(
                "UPDATE __[SCHEMA_foo].t2 SET x=:x WHERE "
                "__[SCHEMA_foo].t2.x = :x_1"
            ),
            CompiledSQL(
                "UPDATE __[SCHEMA_bar].t3 SET x=:x WHERE "
                "__[SCHEMA_bar].t3.x = :x_1"
            ),
            CompiledSQL(
                "SELECT __[SCHEMA__none].t1.x FROM __[SCHEMA__none].t1"
            ),
            CompiledSQL("SELECT __[SCHEMA_foo].t2.x FROM __[SCHEMA_foo].t2"),
            CompiledSQL("SELECT __[SCHEMA_bar].t3.x FROM __[SCHEMA_bar].t3"),
            CompiledSQL("DELETE FROM __[SCHEMA__none].t1"),
            CompiledSQL("DELETE FROM __[SCHEMA_foo].t2"),
            CompiledSQL("DELETE FROM __[SCHEMA_bar].t3"),
        )

    def test_schema_translate_map_keys_change_name_added(
        self, same_named_tables, connection
    ):
        """test #10024"""

        metadata = MetaData()

        translate_table = Table(
            "t1", metadata, Column("x", String(10)), schema=config.test_schema
        )

        eq_(
            connection.scalar(
                select(translate_table),
                execution_options={"schema_translate_map": {"foo": "bar"}},
            ),
            "ts1",
        )

        eq_(
            connection.scalar(
                select(translate_table),
                execution_options={
                    "schema_translate_map": {
                        "foo": "bar",
                        config.test_schema: None,
                    }
                },
            ),
            "tsnone",
        )

    def test_schema_translate_map_keys_change_name_removed(
        self, same_named_tables, connection
    ):
        """test #10024"""

        metadata = MetaData()

        translate_table = Table(
            "t1", metadata, Column("x", String(10)), schema=config.test_schema
        )

        eq_(
            connection.scalar(
                select(translate_table),
                execution_options={
                    "schema_translate_map": {
                        "foo": "bar",
                        config.test_schema: None,
                    }
                },
            ),
            "tsnone",
        )

        eq_(
            connection.scalar(
                select(translate_table),
                execution_options={"schema_translate_map": {"foo": "bar"}},
            ),
            "ts1",
        )

    def test_schema_translate_map_keys_change_none_removed(
        self, same_named_tables, connection
    ):
        """test #10024"""

        connection.engine.clear_compiled_cache()

        metadata = MetaData()

        translate_table = Table("t1", metadata, Column("x", String(10)))

        eq_(
            connection.scalar(
                select(translate_table),
                execution_options={
                    "schema_translate_map": {None: config.test_schema}
                },
            ),
            "ts1",
        )

        with expect_raises_message(
            tsa.exc.StatementError,
            "schema translate map which previously had `None` "
            "present as a key now no longer has it present",
        ):
            connection.scalar(
                select(translate_table),
                execution_options={"schema_translate_map": {"foo": "bar"}},
            ),

    def test_schema_translate_map_keys_change_none_added(
        self, same_named_tables, connection
    ):
        """test #10024"""

        connection.engine.clear_compiled_cache()

        metadata = MetaData()

        translate_table = Table("t1", metadata, Column("x", String(10)))

        eq_(
            connection.scalar(
                select(translate_table),
                execution_options={"schema_translate_map": {"foo": "bar"}},
            ),
            "tsnone",
        )

        with expect_raises_message(
            tsa.exc.StatementError,
            "schema translate map which previously did not have `None` "
            "present as a key now has `None` present; compiled statement may "
            "lack adequate placeholders.",
        ):
            connection.scalar(
                select(translate_table),
                execution_options={
                    "schema_translate_map": {None: config.test_schema}
                },
            ),

    def test_crud(self, plain_tables, connection):
        # provided by metadata fixture provided by plain_tables fixture
        self.metadata.create_all(connection)

        map_ = {
            None: config.test_schema,
            "foo": config.test_schema,
            "bar": None,
        }

        metadata = MetaData()
        t1 = Table("t1", metadata, Column("x", Integer))
        t2 = Table("t2", metadata, Column("x", Integer), schema="foo")
        t3 = Table("t3", metadata, Column("x", Integer), schema="bar")

        with self.sql_execution_asserter(connection) as asserter:
            conn = connection.execution_options(schema_translate_map=map_)

            conn.execute(t1.insert(), {"x": 1})
            conn.execute(t2.insert(), {"x": 1})
            conn.execute(t3.insert(), {"x": 1})

            conn.execute(t1.update().values(x=1).where(t1.c.x == 1))
            conn.execute(t2.update().values(x=2).where(t2.c.x == 1))
            conn.execute(t3.update().values(x=3).where(t3.c.x == 1))

            eq_(conn.scalar(select(t1.c.x)), 1)
            eq_(conn.scalar(select(t2.c.x)), 2)
            eq_(conn.scalar(select(t3.c.x)), 3)

            conn.execute(t1.delete())
            conn.execute(t2.delete())
            conn.execute(t3.delete())

        asserter.assert_(
            CompiledSQL("INSERT INTO __[SCHEMA__none].t1 (x) VALUES (:x)"),
            CompiledSQL("INSERT INTO __[SCHEMA_foo].t2 (x) VALUES (:x)"),
            CompiledSQL("INSERT INTO __[SCHEMA_bar].t3 (x) VALUES (:x)"),
            CompiledSQL(
                "UPDATE __[SCHEMA__none].t1 SET x=:x WHERE "
                "__[SCHEMA__none].t1.x = :x_1"
            ),
            CompiledSQL(
                "UPDATE __[SCHEMA_foo].t2 SET x=:x WHERE "
                "__[SCHEMA_foo].t2.x = :x_1"
            ),
            CompiledSQL(
                "UPDATE __[SCHEMA_bar].t3 SET x=:x WHERE "
                "__[SCHEMA_bar].t3.x = :x_1"
            ),
            CompiledSQL(
                "SELECT __[SCHEMA__none].t1.x FROM __[SCHEMA__none].t1"
            ),
            CompiledSQL("SELECT __[SCHEMA_foo].t2.x FROM __[SCHEMA_foo].t2"),
            CompiledSQL("SELECT __[SCHEMA_bar].t3.x FROM __[SCHEMA_bar].t3"),
            CompiledSQL("DELETE FROM __[SCHEMA__none].t1"),
            CompiledSQL("DELETE FROM __[SCHEMA_foo].t2"),
            CompiledSQL("DELETE FROM __[SCHEMA_bar].t3"),
        )

    def test_via_engine(self, plain_tables, metadata):
        with config.db.begin() as connection:
            metadata.create_all(connection)

        map_ = {
            None: config.test_schema,
            "foo": config.test_schema,
            "bar": None,
        }

        metadata = MetaData()
        t2 = Table("t2", metadata, Column("x", Integer), schema="foo")

        with self.sql_execution_asserter(config.db) as asserter:
            eng = config.db.execution_options(schema_translate_map=map_)
            with eng.connect() as conn:
                conn.execute(select(t2.c.x))
        asserter.assert_(
            CompiledSQL("SELECT __[SCHEMA_foo].t2.x FROM __[SCHEMA_foo].t2")
        )


class ExecutionOptionsTest(fixtures.TestBase):
    def test_engine_level_options(self):
        eng = engines.testing_engine(
            options={"execution_options": {"foo": "bar"}}
        )
        with eng.connect() as conn:
            eq_(conn._execution_options["foo"], "bar")
            eq_(
                conn.execution_options(bat="hoho")._execution_options["foo"],
                "bar",
            )
            eq_(
                conn.execution_options(bat="hoho")._execution_options["bat"],
                "hoho",
            )
            eq_(
                conn.execution_options(foo="hoho")._execution_options["foo"],
                "hoho",
            )
            eng.update_execution_options(foo="hoho")
            conn2 = eng.connect()
            eq_(conn2._execution_options["foo"], "hoho")
            conn2.close()

    def test_generative_engine_execution_options(self):
        eng = engines.testing_engine(
            options={"execution_options": {"base": "x1"}}
        )

        is_(eng.engine, eng)

        eng1 = eng.execution_options(foo="b1")
        is_(eng1.engine, eng1)
        eng2 = eng.execution_options(foo="b2")
        eng1a = eng1.execution_options(bar="a1")
        eng2a = eng2.execution_options(foo="b3", bar="a2")
        is_(eng2a.engine, eng2a)

        eq_(eng._execution_options, {"base": "x1"})
        eq_(eng1._execution_options, {"base": "x1", "foo": "b1"})
        eq_(eng2._execution_options, {"base": "x1", "foo": "b2"})
        eq_(eng1a._execution_options, {"base": "x1", "foo": "b1", "bar": "a1"})
        eq_(eng2a._execution_options, {"base": "x1", "foo": "b3", "bar": "a2"})
        is_(eng1a.pool, eng.pool)

        # test pool is shared
        eng2.dispose()
        is_(eng1a.pool, eng2.pool)
        is_(eng.pool, eng2.pool)

    def test_autocommit_option_preserved_first_connect(self, testing_engine):
        eng = testing_engine()
        eng.update_execution_options(autocommit=True)
        conn = eng.connect()
        eq_(conn._execution_options, {"autocommit": True})
        conn.close()

    def test_initialize_rollback(self, testing_engine):
        """test a rollback happens during first connect"""
        eng = testing_engine()
        with patch.object(eng.dialect, "do_rollback") as do_rollback:
            assert do_rollback.call_count == 0
            connection = eng.connect()
            assert do_rollback.call_count == 1
        connection.close()

    def test_dialect_init_uses_options(self, testing_engine):
        eng = testing_engine()

        def my_init(connection):
            connection.execution_options(foo="bar").execute(select(1))

        with patch.object(eng.dialect, "initialize", my_init):
            conn = eng.connect()
            eq_(conn._execution_options, {})
            conn.close()

    @testing.combinations(
        ({}, {}, {}),
        ({"a": "b"}, {}, {"a": "b"}),
        ({"a": "b", "d": "e"}, {"a": "c"}, {"a": "c", "d": "e"}),
        argnames="conn_opts, exec_opts, expected",
    )
    def test_execution_opts_per_invoke(
        self, connection, conn_opts, exec_opts, expected
    ):
        opts = []

        @event.listens_for(connection, "before_cursor_execute")
        def before_cursor_execute(
            conn, cursor, statement, parameters, context, executemany
        ):
            opts.append(context.execution_options)

        if conn_opts:
            connection = connection.execution_options(**conn_opts)

        if exec_opts:
            connection.execute(select(1), execution_options=exec_opts)
        else:
            connection.execute(select(1))

        eq_(opts, [expected])

    @testing.combinations(
        ({}, {}, {}, {}),
        ({}, {"a": "b"}, {}, {"a": "b"}),
        ({}, {"a": "b", "d": "e"}, {"a": "c"}, {"a": "c", "d": "e"}),
        (
            {"q": "z", "p": "r"},
            {"a": "b", "p": "x", "d": "e"},
            {"a": "c"},
            {"q": "z", "p": "x", "a": "c", "d": "e"},
        ),
        argnames="stmt_opts, conn_opts, exec_opts, expected",
    )
    def test_execution_opts_per_invoke_execute_events(
        self, connection, stmt_opts, conn_opts, exec_opts, expected
    ):
        opts = []

        @event.listens_for(connection, "before_execute")
        def before_execute(
            conn, clauseelement, multiparams, params, execution_options
        ):
            opts.append(("before", execution_options))

        @event.listens_for(connection, "after_execute")
        def after_execute(
            conn,
            clauseelement,
            multiparams,
            params,
            execution_options,
            result,
        ):
            opts.append(("after", execution_options))

        stmt = select(1)

        if stmt_opts:
            stmt = stmt.execution_options(**stmt_opts)

        if conn_opts:
            connection = connection.execution_options(**conn_opts)

        if exec_opts:
            connection.execute(stmt, execution_options=exec_opts)
        else:
            connection.execute(stmt)

        eq_(opts, [("before", expected), ("after", expected)])

    def test_dialect_conn_options(self, testing_engine):
        engine = testing_engine("sqlite://", options=dict(_initialize=False))
        engine.dialect = Mock()
        with engine.connect() as conn:
            c2 = conn.execution_options(foo="bar")
            eq_(
                engine.dialect.set_connection_execution_options.mock_calls,
                [call(c2, {"foo": "bar"})],
            )

    def test_dialect_engine_options(self, testing_engine):
        engine = testing_engine("sqlite://")
        engine.dialect = Mock()
        e2 = engine.execution_options(foo="bar")
        eq_(
            engine.dialect.set_engine_execution_options.mock_calls,
            [call(e2, {"foo": "bar"})],
        )

    def test_dialect_engine_construction_options(self):
        dialect = Mock()
        engine = Engine(
            Mock(), dialect, Mock(), execution_options={"foo": "bar"}
        )
        eq_(
            dialect.set_engine_execution_options.mock_calls,
            [call(engine, {"foo": "bar"})],
        )

    def test_propagate_engine_to_connection(self, testing_engine):
        engine = testing_engine(
            "sqlite://", options=dict(execution_options={"foo": "bar"})
        )
        with engine.connect() as conn:
            eq_(conn._execution_options, {"foo": "bar"})

    def test_propagate_option_engine_to_connection(self, testing_engine):
        e1 = testing_engine(
            "sqlite://", options=dict(execution_options={"foo": "bar"})
        )
        e2 = e1.execution_options(bat="hoho")
        c1 = e1.connect()
        c2 = e2.connect()
        eq_(c1._execution_options, {"foo": "bar"})
        eq_(c2._execution_options, {"foo": "bar", "bat": "hoho"})

        c1.close()
        c2.close()

    def test_get_engine_execution_options(self, testing_engine):
        engine = testing_engine("sqlite://")
        engine.dialect = Mock()
        e2 = engine.execution_options(foo="bar")

        eq_(e2.get_execution_options(), {"foo": "bar"})

    def test_get_connection_execution_options(self, testing_engine):
        engine = testing_engine("sqlite://", options=dict(_initialize=False))
        engine.dialect = Mock()
        with engine.connect() as conn:
            c = conn.execution_options(foo="bar")

            eq_(c.get_execution_options(), {"foo": "bar"})


class EngineEventsTest(fixtures.TestBase):

    def teardown_test(self):
        Engine.dispatch._clear()
        Engine._has_events = False

    def _assert_stmts(self, expected, received):
        list(received)

        for stmt, params, posn in expected:
            if not received:
                assert False, "Nothing available for stmt: %s" % stmt
            while received:
                teststmt, testparams, testmultiparams = received.pop(0)
                teststmt = (
                    re.compile(r"[\n\t ]+", re.M).sub(" ", teststmt).strip()
                )
                if teststmt.startswith(stmt) and (
                    testparams == params or testparams == posn
                ):
                    break

    def test_engine_connect(self, testing_engine):
        e1 = testing_engine(config.db_url)

        canary = Mock()

        # use a real def to trigger legacy signature decorator
        # logic, if present
        def thing(conn):
            canary(conn)

        event.listen(e1, "engine_connect", thing)

        c1 = e1.connect()
        c1.close()

        c2 = e1.connect()
        c2.close()

        eq_(canary.mock_calls, [mock.call(c1), mock.call(c2)])

    def test_per_engine_independence(self, testing_engine):
        e1 = testing_engine(config.db_url)
        e2 = testing_engine(config.db_url)

        canary = Mock()
        event.listen(e1, "before_execute", canary)
        s1 = select(1)
        s2 = select(2)

        with e1.connect() as conn:
            conn.execute(s1)

        with e2.connect() as conn:
            conn.execute(s2)
        eq_([arg[1][1] for arg in canary.mock_calls], [s1])
        event.listen(e2, "before_execute", canary)

        with e1.connect() as conn:
            conn.execute(s1)

        with e2.connect() as conn:
            conn.execute(s2)
        eq_([arg[1][1] for arg in canary.mock_calls], [s1, s1, s2])

    def test_per_engine_plus_global(self, testing_engine):
        canary = Mock()
        event.listen(Engine, "before_execute", canary.be1)
        e1 = testing_engine(config.db_url)
        e2 = testing_engine(config.db_url)

        event.listen(e1, "before_execute", canary.be2)

        event.listen(Engine, "before_execute", canary.be3)

        with e1.connect() as conn:
            conn.execute(select(1))
        eq_(canary.be1.call_count, 1)
        eq_(canary.be2.call_count, 1)

        with e2.connect() as conn:
            conn.execute(select(1))

        eq_(canary.be1.call_count, 2)
        eq_(canary.be2.call_count, 1)
        eq_(canary.be3.call_count, 2)

    def test_option_engine_registration_issue_one(self):
        """test #12289"""

        e1 = create_engine(testing.db.url)
        e2 = e1.execution_options(foo="bar")
        e3 = e2.execution_options(isolation_level="AUTOCOMMIT")

        eq_(
            e3._execution_options,
            {"foo": "bar", "isolation_level": "AUTOCOMMIT"},
        )

    def test_option_engine_registration_issue_two(self):
        """test #12289"""

        e1 = create_engine(testing.db.url)
        e2 = e1.execution_options(foo="bar")

        @event.listens_for(e2, "engine_connect")
        def r1(*arg, **kw):
            pass

        e3 = e2.execution_options(bat="hoho")

        @event.listens_for(e3, "engine_connect")
        def r2(*arg, **kw):
            pass

        eq_(e3._execution_options, {"foo": "bar", "bat": "hoho"})

    def test_emit_sql_in_autobegin(self, testing_engine):
        e1 = testing_engine(config.db_url)

        canary = Mock()

        @event.listens_for(e1, "begin")
        def begin(connection):
            result = connection.execute(select(1)).scalar()
            canary.got_result(result)

        with e1.connect() as conn:
            conn.execute(select(1)).scalar()

            assert conn.in_transaction()

            conn.commit()

            assert not conn.in_transaction()

        eq_(canary.mock_calls, [call.got_result(1)])

    def test_per_connection_plus_engine(self, testing_engine):
        canary = Mock()
        e1 = testing_engine(config.db_url)

        event.listen(e1, "before_execute", canary.be1)

        conn = e1.connect()
        event.listen(conn, "before_execute", canary.be2)
        conn.execute(select(1))

        eq_(canary.be1.call_count, 1)
        eq_(canary.be2.call_count, 1)

    @testing.combinations(
        (True, False),
        (True, True),
        (False, False),
        argnames="mock_out_on_connect, add_our_own_onconnect",
    )
    def test_insert_connect_is_definitely_first(
        self, mock_out_on_connect, add_our_own_onconnect, testing_engine
    ):
        """test issue #5708.

        We want to ensure that a single "connect" event may be invoked
        *before* dialect initialize as well as before dialect on_connects.

        This is also partially reliant on the changes we made as a result of
        #5497, however here we go further with the changes and remove use
        of the pool first_connect() event entirely so that the startup
        for a dialect is fully consistent.

        """
        if mock_out_on_connect:
            if add_our_own_onconnect:

                def our_connect(connection):
                    m1.our_connect("our connect event")

                patcher = mock.patch.object(
                    config.db.dialect.__class__,
                    "on_connect",
                    lambda self: our_connect,
                )
            else:
                patcher = mock.patch.object(
                    config.db.dialect.__class__,
                    "on_connect",
                    lambda self: None,
                )
        else:
            patcher = nullcontext()

        with patcher:
            e1 = testing_engine(config.db_url)

            initialize = e1.dialect.initialize

            def init(connection):
                initialize(connection)
                connection.execute(select(1))

            # begin mock added as part of migration to future only
            # where we don't want anything related to begin() happening
            # as part of create
            # note we can't use an event to ensure begin() is not called
            # because create also blocks events from happening
            with mock.patch.object(
                e1.dialect, "initialize", side_effect=init
            ) as m1, mock.patch.object(
                e1._connection_cls, "begin"
            ) as begin_mock:

                @event.listens_for(e1, "connect", insert=True)
                def go1(dbapi_conn, xyz):
                    m1.foo("custom event first")

                @event.listens_for(e1, "connect")
                def go2(dbapi_conn, xyz):
                    m1.foo("custom event last")

                c1 = e1.connect()

                m1.bar("ok next connection")

                c2 = e1.connect()

                # this happens with sqlite singletonthreadpool.
                # we can almost use testing.requires.independent_connections
                # but sqlite file backend will also have independent
                # connections here.
                its_the_same_connection = (
                    c1.connection.dbapi_connection
                    is c2.connection.dbapi_connection
                )
                c1.close()
                c2.close()

        eq_(begin_mock.mock_calls, [])

        if add_our_own_onconnect:
            calls = [
                mock.call.foo("custom event first"),
                mock.call.our_connect("our connect event"),
                mock.call(mock.ANY),
                mock.call.foo("custom event last"),
                mock.call.bar("ok next connection"),
            ]
        else:
            calls = [
                mock.call.foo("custom event first"),
                mock.call(mock.ANY),
                mock.call.foo("custom event last"),
                mock.call.bar("ok next connection"),
            ]

        if not its_the_same_connection:
            if add_our_own_onconnect:
                calls.extend(
                    [
                        mock.call.foo("custom event first"),
                        mock.call.our_connect("our connect event"),
                        mock.call.foo("custom event last"),
                    ]
                )
            else:
                calls.extend(
                    [
                        mock.call.foo("custom event first"),
                        mock.call.foo("custom event last"),
                    ]
                )
        eq_(m1.mock_calls, calls)

    def test_new_exec_driver_sql_no_events(self):
        m1 = Mock()

        with testing.db.connect() as conn:
            event.listen(conn, "before_execute", m1.before_execute)
            event.listen(conn, "after_execute", m1.after_execute)
            conn.exec_driver_sql(str(select(1).compile(testing.db)))
        eq_(m1.mock_calls, [])

    def test_add_event_after_connect(self, testing_engine):
        # new feature as of #2978

        canary = Mock()
        e1 = testing_engine(config.db_url)
        assert not e1._has_events

        conn = e1.connect()

        event.listen(e1, "before_execute", canary.be1)
        conn.execute(select(1))

        eq_(canary.be1.call_count, 1)

    def test_force_conn_events_false(self, testing_engine):
        canary = Mock()
        e1 = testing_engine(config.db_url)
        assert not e1._has_events

        event.listen(e1, "before_execute", canary.be1)

        conn = e1._connection_cls(
            e1, connection=e1.raw_connection(), _has_events=False
        )

        conn.execute(select(1))

        eq_(canary.be1.call_count, 0)

    def test_cursor_events_ctx_execute_scalar(self, testing_engine):
        canary = Mock()
        e1 = testing_engine(config.db_url)

        event.listen(e1, "before_cursor_execute", canary.bce)
        event.listen(e1, "after_cursor_execute", canary.ace)

        stmt = str(select(1).compile(dialect=e1.dialect))

        with e1.connect() as conn:
            dialect = conn.dialect

            ctx = dialect.execution_ctx_cls._init_statement(
                dialect, conn, conn.connection, {}, stmt, {}
            )

            ctx._execute_scalar(stmt, Integer())

        eq_(
            canary.bce.mock_calls,
            [call(conn, ctx.cursor, stmt, ctx.parameters[0], ctx, False)],
        )
        eq_(
            canary.ace.mock_calls,
            [call(conn, ctx.cursor, stmt, ctx.parameters[0], ctx, False)],
        )

    def test_cursor_events_execute(self, testing_engine):
        canary = Mock()
        e1 = testing_engine(config.db_url)

        event.listen(e1, "before_cursor_execute", canary.bce)
        event.listen(e1, "after_cursor_execute", canary.ace)

        stmt = str(select(1).compile(dialect=e1.dialect))

        with e1.connect() as conn:
            result = conn.exec_driver_sql(stmt)
            eq_(result.scalar(), 1)

        ctx = result.context
        eq_(
            canary.bce.mock_calls,
            [call(conn, ctx.cursor, stmt, ctx.parameters[0], ctx, False)],
        )
        eq_(
            canary.ace.mock_calls,
            [call(conn, ctx.cursor, stmt, ctx.parameters[0], ctx, False)],
        )

    @testing.combinations(
        (
            ([{"x": 5, "y": 10}, {"x": 8, "y": 9}],),
            {},
            [{"x": 5, "y": 10}, {"x": 8, "y": 9}],
            {},
        ),
        (({"z": 10},), {}, [], {"z": 10}),
        argnames="multiparams, params, expected_multiparams, expected_params",
    )
    def test_modify_parameters_from_event_one(
        self,
        multiparams,
        params,
        expected_multiparams,
        expected_params,
        testing_engine,
    ):
        # this is testing both the normalization added to parameters
        # as of I97cb4d06adfcc6b889f10d01cc7775925cffb116 as well as
        # that the return value from the event is taken as the new set
        # of parameters.
        def before_execute(
            conn, clauseelement, multiparams, params, execution_options
        ):
            eq_(multiparams, expected_multiparams)
            eq_(params, expected_params)
            return clauseelement, (), {"q": "15"}

        def after_execute(
            conn, clauseelement, multiparams, params, result, execution_options
        ):
            eq_(multiparams, ())
            eq_(params, {"q": "15"})

        e1 = testing_engine(config.db_url)
        event.listen(e1, "before_execute", before_execute, retval=True)
        event.listen(e1, "after_execute", after_execute)

        with e1.connect() as conn:
            result = conn.execute(
                select(bindparam("q", type_=String)), *multiparams, **params
            )
            eq_(result.all(), [("15",)])

    @testing.provide_metadata
    def test_modify_parameters_from_event_two(self, connection):
        t = Table("t", self.metadata, Column("q", Integer))

        t.create(connection)

        def before_execute(
            conn, clauseelement, multiparams, params, execution_options
        ):
            return clauseelement, [{"q": 15}, {"q": 19}], {}

        event.listen(connection, "before_execute", before_execute, retval=True)
        connection.execute(t.insert(), {"q": 12})
        event.remove(connection, "before_execute", before_execute)

        eq_(
            connection.execute(select(t).order_by(t.c.q)).fetchall(),
            [(15,), (19,)],
        )

    def test_modify_parameters_from_event_three(
        self, connection, testing_engine
    ):
        def before_execute(
            conn, clauseelement, multiparams, params, execution_options
        ):
            return clauseelement, [{"q": 15}, {"q": 19}], {"q": 7}

        e1 = testing_engine(config.db_url)
        event.listen(e1, "before_execute", before_execute, retval=True)

        with expect_raises_message(
            tsa.exc.InvalidRequestError,
            "Event handler can't return non-empty multiparams "
            "and params at the same time",
        ):
            with e1.connect() as conn:
                conn.execute(select(literal("1")))

    @testing.only_on("sqlite")
    def test_dont_modify_statement_driversql(self, connection):
        m1 = mock.Mock()

        @event.listens_for(connection, "before_execute", retval=True)
        def _modify(
            conn, clauseelement, multiparams, params, execution_options
        ):
            m1.run_event()
            return clauseelement.replace("hi", "there"), multiparams, params

        # the event does not take effect for the "driver SQL" option
        eq_(connection.exec_driver_sql("select 'hi'").scalar(), "hi")

        # event is not called at all
        eq_(m1.mock_calls, [])

    @testing.only_on("sqlite")
    def test_modify_statement_internal_driversql(self, connection):
        m1 = mock.Mock()

        @event.listens_for(connection, "before_execute", retval=True)
        def _modify(
            conn, clauseelement, multiparams, params, execution_options
        ):
            m1.run_event()
            return clauseelement.replace("hi", "there"), multiparams, params

        eq_(
            connection.exec_driver_sql("select 'hi'").scalar(),
            "hi",
        )

        eq_(m1.mock_calls, [])

    def test_modify_statement_clauseelement(self, connection):
        @event.listens_for(connection, "before_execute", retval=True)
        def _modify(
            conn, clauseelement, multiparams, params, execution_options
        ):
            return select(literal_column("'there'")), multiparams, params

        eq_(connection.scalar(select(literal_column("'hi'"))), "there")

    def test_argument_format_execute(self, testing_engine):
        def before_execute(
            conn, clauseelement, multiparams, params, execution_options
        ):
            assert isinstance(multiparams, (list, tuple))
            assert isinstance(params, collections_abc.Mapping)

        def after_execute(
            conn, clauseelement, multiparams, params, result, execution_options
        ):
            assert isinstance(multiparams, (list, tuple))
            assert isinstance(params, collections_abc.Mapping)

        e1 = testing_engine(config.db_url)
        event.listen(e1, "before_execute", before_execute)
        event.listen(e1, "after_execute", after_execute)

        with e1.connect() as conn:
            conn.execute(select(1))
            conn.execute(select(1).compile(dialect=e1.dialect).statement)
            conn.execute(select(1).compile(dialect=e1.dialect))

            conn._execute_compiled(
                select(1).compile(dialect=e1.dialect), (), {}
            )

    @testing.emits_warning("The garbage collector is trying to clean up")
    def test_execute_events(self):
        stmts = []
        cursor_stmts = []

        def execute(
            conn, clauseelement, multiparams, params, execution_options
        ):
            stmts.append((str(clauseelement), params, multiparams))

        def cursor_execute(
            conn, cursor, statement, parameters, context, executemany
        ):
            cursor_stmts.append((str(statement), parameters, None))

        # TODO: this test is kind of a mess

        for engine in [
            engines.testing_engine(),
            engines.testing_engine().connect(),
        ]:
            event.listen(engine, "before_execute", execute)
            event.listen(engine, "before_cursor_execute", cursor_execute)
            m = MetaData()
            t1 = Table(
                "t1",
                m,
                Column("c1", Integer, primary_key=True),
                Column(
                    "c2",
                    String(50),
                    default=func.lower("Foo"),
                    primary_key=True,
                ),
                implicit_returning=False,
            )

            if isinstance(engine, Connection):
                ctx = None
                conn = engine
            else:
                ctx = conn = engine.connect()

            trans = conn.begin()
            try:
                m.create_all(conn, checkfirst=False)
                try:
                    conn.execute(t1.insert(), dict(c1=5, c2="some data"))
                    conn.execute(t1.insert(), dict(c1=6))
                    eq_(
                        conn.execute(text("select * from t1")).fetchall(),
                        [(5, "some data"), (6, "foo")],
                    )
                finally:
                    m.drop_all(conn)
                    trans.commit()
            finally:
                if ctx:
                    ctx.close()

            compiled = [
                ("CREATE TABLE t1", {}, None),
                (
                    "INSERT INTO t1 (c1, c2)",
                    {"c2": "some data", "c1": 5},
                    (),
                ),
                ("INSERT INTO t1 (c1, c2)", {"c1": 6}, ()),
                ("select * from t1", {}, None),
                ("DROP TABLE t1", {}, None),
            ]

            cursor = [
                ("CREATE TABLE t1", {}, ()),
                (
                    "INSERT INTO t1 (c1, c2)",
                    {"c2": "some data", "c1": 5},
                    (5, "some data"),
                ),
                ("SELECT lower", {"lower_2": "Foo"}, ("Foo",)),
                (
                    "INSERT INTO t1 (c1, c2)",
                    {"c2": "foo", "c1": 6},
                    (6, "foo"),
                ),
                ("select * from t1", {}, ()),
                ("DROP TABLE t1", {}, ()),
            ]
            self._assert_stmts(compiled, stmts)
            self._assert_stmts(cursor, cursor_stmts)

    def test_options(self):
        canary = []

        def execute(conn, *args, **kw):
            canary.append("execute")

        def cursor_execute(conn, *args, **kw):
            canary.append("cursor_execute")

        engine = engines.testing_engine()
        event.listen(engine, "before_execute", execute)
        event.listen(engine, "before_cursor_execute", cursor_execute)
        conn = engine.connect()
        c2 = conn.execution_options(foo="bar")
        eq_(c2._execution_options, {"foo": "bar"})
        c2.execute(select(1))
        c3 = c2.execution_options(bar="bat")
        eq_(c3._execution_options, {"foo": "bar", "bar": "bat"})
        eq_(canary, ["execute", "cursor_execute"])

    def test_generative_engine_event_dispatch(self):
        canary = []

        def l1(*arg, **kw):
            canary.append("l1")

        def l2(*arg, **kw):
            canary.append("l2")

        def l3(*arg, **kw):
            canary.append("l3")

        eng = engines.testing_engine(
            options={"execution_options": {"base": "x1"}}
        )
        event.listen(eng, "before_execute", l1)

        eng1 = eng.execution_options(foo="b1")
        event.listen(eng, "before_execute", l2)
        event.listen(eng1, "before_execute", l3)

        with eng.connect() as conn:
            conn.execute(select(1))

        eq_(canary, ["l1", "l2"])

        with eng1.connect() as conn:
            conn.execute(select(1))

        eq_(canary, ["l1", "l2", "l3", "l1", "l2"])

    def test_clslevel_engine_event_options(self):
        canary = []

        def l1(*arg, **kw):
            canary.append("l1")

        def l2(*arg, **kw):
            canary.append("l2")

        def l3(*arg, **kw):
            canary.append("l3")

        def l4(*arg, **kw):
            canary.append("l4")

        event.listen(Engine, "before_execute", l1)

        eng = engines.testing_engine(
            options={"execution_options": {"base": "x1"}}
        )
        event.listen(eng, "before_execute", l2)

        eng1 = eng.execution_options(foo="b1")
        event.listen(eng, "before_execute", l3)
        event.listen(eng1, "before_execute", l4)

        with eng.connect() as conn:
            conn.execute(select(1))

        eq_(canary, ["l1", "l2", "l3"])

        with eng1.connect() as conn:
            conn.execute(select(1))

        eq_(canary, ["l1", "l2", "l3", "l4", "l1", "l2", "l3"])

        canary[:] = []

        event.remove(Engine, "before_execute", l1)
        event.remove(eng1, "before_execute", l4)
        event.remove(eng, "before_execute", l3)

        with eng1.connect() as conn:
            conn.execute(select(1))
        eq_(canary, ["l2"])

    def test_cant_listen_to_option_engine(self):
        from sqlalchemy.engine import base

        def evt(*arg, **kw):
            pass

        assert_raises_message(
            tsa.exc.InvalidRequestError,
            r"Can't assign an event directly to the "
            "<class 'sqlalchemy.engine.base.OptionEngine'> class",
            event.listen,
            base.OptionEngine,
            "before_cursor_execute",
            evt,
        )

    def test_dispose_event(self, testing_engine):
        canary = Mock()
        eng = testing_engine(testing.db.url)
        event.listen(eng, "engine_disposed", canary)

        conn = eng.connect()
        conn.close()
        eng.dispose()

        conn = eng.connect()
        conn.close()

        eq_(canary.mock_calls, [call(eng)])

        eng.dispose()

        eq_(canary.mock_calls, [call(eng), call(eng)])

    @testing.combinations(True, False, argnames="close")
    def test_close_parameter(self, testing_engine, close):
        eng = testing_engine(
            options=dict(
                pool_size=1,
                max_overflow=0,
                poolclass=(
                    QueuePool
                    if not testing.db.dialect.is_async
                    else AsyncAdaptedQueuePool
                ),
            )
        )

        conn = eng.connect()
        dbapi_conn_one = conn.connection.dbapi_connection
        conn.close()

        eng_copy = copy.copy(eng)
        eng_copy.dispose(close=close)

        copy_conn = eng_copy.connect()
        dbapi_conn_two = copy_conn.connection.dbapi_connection

        is_not(dbapi_conn_one, dbapi_conn_two)

        conn = eng.connect()
        if close:
            is_not(dbapi_conn_one, conn.connection.dbapi_connection)
        else:
            is_(dbapi_conn_one, conn.connection.dbapi_connection)

        conn.close()
        copy_conn.close()

    def test_retval_flag(self):
        canary = []

        def tracker(name):
            def go(conn, *args, **kw):
                canary.append(name)

            return go

        def execute(
            conn, clauseelement, multiparams, params, execution_options
        ):
            canary.append("execute")
            return clauseelement, multiparams, params

        def cursor_execute(
            conn, cursor, statement, parameters, context, executemany
        ):
            canary.append("cursor_execute")
            return statement, parameters

        engine = engines.testing_engine()

        assert_raises(
            tsa.exc.ArgumentError,
            event.listen,
            engine,
            "begin",
            tracker("begin"),
            retval=True,
        )

        event.listen(engine, "before_execute", execute, retval=True)
        event.listen(
            engine, "before_cursor_execute", cursor_execute, retval=True
        )
        with engine.connect() as conn:
            conn.execute(select(1))
        eq_(canary, ["execute", "cursor_execute"])

    def test_execution_options(self):
        engine = engines.testing_engine()

        engine_tracker = Mock()
        conn_tracker = Mock()

        event.listen(engine, "set_engine_execution_options", engine_tracker)
        event.listen(engine, "set_connection_execution_options", conn_tracker)

        e2 = engine.execution_options(e1="opt_e1")
        c1 = engine.connect()
        c2 = c1.execution_options(c1="opt_c1")
        c3 = e2.connect()
        c4 = c3.execution_options(c3="opt_c3")
        eq_(engine_tracker.mock_calls, [call(e2, {"e1": "opt_e1"})])
        eq_(
            conn_tracker.mock_calls,
            [call(c2, {"c1": "opt_c1"}), call(c4, {"c3": "opt_c3"})],
        )

    def test_execution_options_modify_inplace(self):
        engine = engines.testing_engine()

        @event.listens_for(engine, "set_engine_execution_options")
        def engine_tracker(conn, opt):
            opt["engine_tracked"] = True

        @event.listens_for(engine, "set_connection_execution_options")
        def conn_tracker(conn, opt):
            opt["conn_tracked"] = True

        with mock.patch.object(
            engine.dialect, "set_connection_execution_options"
        ) as conn_opt, mock.patch.object(
            engine.dialect, "set_engine_execution_options"
        ) as engine_opt:
            e2 = engine.execution_options(e1="opt_e1")
            c1 = engine.connect()
            c2 = c1.execution_options(c1="opt_c1")

        is_not(e2, engine)
        is_(c1, c2)

        eq_(e2._execution_options, {"e1": "opt_e1", "engine_tracked": True})
        eq_(c2._execution_options, {"c1": "opt_c1", "conn_tracked": True})
        eq_(
            engine_opt.mock_calls,
            [mock.call(e2, {"e1": "opt_e1", "engine_tracked": True})],
        )
        eq_(
            conn_opt.mock_calls,
            [mock.call(c1, {"c1": "opt_c1", "conn_tracked": True})],
        )

    @testing.requires.sequences
    @testing.provide_metadata
    def test_cursor_execute(self):
        canary = []

        def tracker(name):
            def go(conn, cursor, statement, parameters, context, executemany):
                canary.append((statement, context))

            return go

        engine = engines.testing_engine()

        t = Table(
            "t",
            self.metadata,
            Column(
                "x",
                Integer,
                normalize_sequence(config, Sequence("t_id_seq")),
                primary_key=True,
            ),
            implicit_returning=False,
        )
        self.metadata.create_all(engine)

        with engine.begin() as conn:
            event.listen(
                conn, "before_cursor_execute", tracker("cursor_execute")
            )
            conn.execute(t.insert())

        # we see the sequence pre-executed in the first call
        assert "t_id_seq" in canary[0][0]
        assert "INSERT" in canary[1][0]
        # same context
        is_(canary[0][1], canary[1][1])

    def test_transactional(self):
        canary = []

        def tracker(name):
            def go(conn, *args, **kw):
                canary.append(name)

            return go

        engine = engines.testing_engine()
        event.listen(engine, "before_execute", tracker("execute"))
        event.listen(
            engine, "before_cursor_execute", tracker("cursor_execute")
        )
        event.listen(engine, "begin", tracker("begin"))
        event.listen(engine, "commit", tracker("commit"))
        event.listen(engine, "rollback", tracker("rollback"))

        with engine.connect() as conn:
            trans = conn.begin()
            conn.execute(select(1))
            trans.rollback()
            trans = conn.begin()
            conn.execute(select(1))
            trans.commit()

        eq_(
            canary,
            [
                "begin",
                "execute",
                "cursor_execute",
                "rollback",
                "begin",
                "execute",
                "cursor_execute",
                "commit",
            ],
        )

    def test_transactional_named(self):
        canary = []

        def tracker(name):
            def go(*args, **kw):
                canary.append((name, set(kw)))

            return go

        engine = engines.testing_engine()
        event.listen(engine, "before_execute", tracker("execute"), named=True)
        event.listen(
            engine,
            "before_cursor_execute",
            tracker("cursor_execute"),
            named=True,
        )
        event.listen(engine, "begin", tracker("begin"), named=True)
        event.listen(engine, "commit", tracker("commit"), named=True)
        event.listen(engine, "rollback", tracker("rollback"), named=True)

        with engine.connect() as conn:
            trans = conn.begin()
            conn.execute(select(1))
            trans.rollback()
            trans = conn.begin()
            conn.execute(select(1))
            trans.commit()

        eq_(
            canary,
            [
                ("begin", {"conn"}),
                (
                    "execute",
                    {
                        "conn",
                        "clauseelement",
                        "multiparams",
                        "params",
                        "execution_options",
                    },
                ),
                (
                    "cursor_execute",
                    {
                        "conn",
                        "cursor",
                        "executemany",
                        "statement",
                        "parameters",
                        "context",
                    },
                ),
                ("rollback", {"conn"}),
                ("begin", {"conn"}),
                (
                    "execute",
                    {
                        "conn",
                        "clauseelement",
                        "multiparams",
                        "params",
                        "execution_options",
                    },
                ),
                (
                    "cursor_execute",
                    {
                        "conn",
                        "cursor",
                        "executemany",
                        "statement",
                        "parameters",
                        "context",
                    },
                ),
                ("commit", {"conn"}),
            ],
        )

    @testing.requires.savepoints
    @testing.requires.two_phase_transactions
    def test_transactional_advanced(self):
        canary1 = []

        def tracker1(name):
            def go(*args, **kw):
                canary1.append(name)

            return go

        canary2 = []

        def tracker2(name):
            def go(*args, **kw):
                canary2.append(name)

            return go

        engine = engines.testing_engine()
        for name in [
            "begin",
            "savepoint",
            "rollback_savepoint",
            "release_savepoint",
            "rollback",
            "begin_twophase",
            "prepare_twophase",
            "commit_twophase",
        ]:
            event.listen(engine, "%s" % name, tracker1(name))

        conn = engine.connect()
        for name in [
            "begin",
            "savepoint",
            "rollback_savepoint",
            "release_savepoint",
            "rollback",
            "begin_twophase",
            "prepare_twophase",
            "commit_twophase",
        ]:
            event.listen(conn, "%s" % name, tracker2(name))

        trans = conn.begin()
        trans2 = conn.begin_nested()
        conn.execute(select(1))
        trans2.rollback()
        trans2 = conn.begin_nested()
        conn.execute(select(1))
        trans2.commit()
        trans.rollback()

        trans = conn.begin_twophase()
        conn.execute(select(1))
        trans.prepare()
        trans.commit()

        eq_(
            canary1,
            [
                "begin",
                "savepoint",
                "rollback_savepoint",
                "savepoint",
                "release_savepoint",
                "rollback",
                "begin_twophase",
                "prepare_twophase",
                "commit_twophase",
            ],
        )
        eq_(
            canary2,
            [
                "begin",
                "savepoint",
                "rollback_savepoint",
                "savepoint",
                "release_savepoint",
                "rollback",
                "begin_twophase",
                "prepare_twophase",
                "commit_twophase",
            ],
        )
        conn.close()


class HandleErrorTest(fixtures.TestBase):
    __sparse_driver_backend__ = True

    def teardown_test(self):
        Engine.dispatch._clear()
        Engine._has_events = False

    def test_handle_error(self):
        engine = engines.testing_engine()
        canary = Mock(return_value=None)

        event.listen(engine, "handle_error", canary)

        with engine.connect() as conn:
            try:
                conn.exec_driver_sql("SELECT FOO FROM I_DONT_EXIST")
                assert False
            except tsa.exc.DBAPIError as e:
                ctx = canary.mock_calls[0][1][0]

                eq_(ctx.original_exception, e.orig)
                is_(ctx.sqlalchemy_exception, e)
                eq_(ctx.statement, "SELECT FOO FROM I_DONT_EXIST")

    def test_exception_event_reraise(self):
        engine = engines.testing_engine()

        class MyException(Exception):
            pass

        @event.listens_for(engine, "handle_error", retval=True)
        def err(context):
            stmt = context.statement
            exception = context.original_exception
            if "ERROR ONE" in str(stmt):
                return MyException("my exception")
            elif "ERROR TWO" in str(stmt):
                return exception
            else:
                return None

        conn = engine.connect()
        # case 1: custom exception
        assert_raises_message(
            MyException,
            "my exception",
            conn.exec_driver_sql,
            "SELECT 'ERROR ONE' FROM I_DONT_EXIST",
        )
        # case 2: return the DBAPI exception we're given;
        # no wrapping should occur
        assert_raises(
            conn.dialect.dbapi.Error,
            conn.exec_driver_sql,
            "SELECT 'ERROR TWO' FROM I_DONT_EXIST",
        )
        # case 3: normal wrapping
        assert_raises(
            tsa.exc.DBAPIError,
            conn.exec_driver_sql,
            "SELECT 'ERROR THREE' FROM I_DONT_EXIST",
        )

    def test_exception_event_reraise_chaining(self):
        engine = engines.testing_engine()

        class MyException1(Exception):
            pass

        class MyException2(Exception):
            pass

        class MyException3(Exception):
            pass

        @event.listens_for(engine, "handle_error", retval=True)
        def err1(context):
            stmt = context.statement

            if (
                "ERROR ONE" in str(stmt)
                or "ERROR TWO" in str(stmt)
                or "ERROR THREE" in str(stmt)
            ):
                return MyException1("my exception")
            elif "ERROR FOUR" in str(stmt):
                raise MyException3("my exception short circuit")

        @event.listens_for(engine, "handle_error", retval=True)
        def err2(context):
            stmt = context.statement
            if (
                "ERROR ONE" in str(stmt) or "ERROR FOUR" in str(stmt)
            ) and isinstance(context.chained_exception, MyException1):
                raise MyException2("my exception chained")
            elif "ERROR TWO" in str(stmt):
                return context.chained_exception
            else:
                return None

        conn = engine.connect()

        with patch.object(
            engine.dialect.execution_ctx_cls, "handle_dbapi_exception"
        ) as patched:
            assert_raises_message(
                MyException2,
                "my exception chained",
                conn.exec_driver_sql,
                "SELECT 'ERROR ONE' FROM I_DONT_EXIST",
            )
            eq_(patched.call_count, 1)

        with patch.object(
            engine.dialect.execution_ctx_cls, "handle_dbapi_exception"
        ) as patched:
            assert_raises(
                MyException1,
                conn.exec_driver_sql,
                "SELECT 'ERROR TWO' FROM I_DONT_EXIST",
            )
            eq_(patched.call_count, 1)

        with patch.object(
            engine.dialect.execution_ctx_cls, "handle_dbapi_exception"
        ) as patched:
            # test that non None from err1 isn't cancelled out
            # by err2
            assert_raises(
                MyException1,
                conn.exec_driver_sql,
                "SELECT 'ERROR THREE' FROM I_DONT_EXIST",
            )
            eq_(patched.call_count, 1)

        with patch.object(
            engine.dialect.execution_ctx_cls, "handle_dbapi_exception"
        ) as patched:
            assert_raises(
                tsa.exc.DBAPIError,
                conn.exec_driver_sql,
                "SELECT 'ERROR FIVE' FROM I_DONT_EXIST",
            )
            eq_(patched.call_count, 1)

        with patch.object(
            engine.dialect.execution_ctx_cls, "handle_dbapi_exception"
        ) as patched:
            assert_raises_message(
                MyException3,
                "my exception short circuit",
                conn.exec_driver_sql,
                "SELECT 'ERROR FOUR' FROM I_DONT_EXIST",
            )
            eq_(patched.call_count, 1)

    @testing.only_on("sqlite", "using specific DB message")
    def test_exception_no_autorollback(self):
        """with the 2.0 engine, a SQL statement will have run
        "autobegin", so that we are in a transaction.  so if an error
        occurs, we report the error but stay in the transaction.

        previously, we'd see the rollback failing due to autorollback
        when transaction isn't started.
        """
        engine = engines.testing_engine()
        conn = engine.connect()

        def boom(connection):
            raise engine.dialect.dbapi.OperationalError("rollback failed")

        with patch.object(conn.dialect, "do_rollback", boom):
            assert_raises_message(
                tsa.exc.OperationalError,
                "no such table: i_dont_exist",
                conn.exec_driver_sql,
                "insert into i_dont_exist (x) values ('y')",
            )

            # we're still in a transaction
            assert conn._transaction

            # only fails when we actually call rollback
            assert_raises_message(
                tsa.exc.OperationalError,
                "rollback failed",
                conn.rollback,
            )

    def test_actual_autorollback(self):
        """manufacture an autorollback scenario that works in 2.x."""

        engine = engines.testing_engine()
        conn = engine.connect()

        def boom(connection):
            raise engine.dialect.dbapi.OperationalError("rollback failed")

        @event.listens_for(conn, "begin")
        def _do_begin(conn):
            # run a breaking statement before begin actually happens
            conn.exec_driver_sql("insert into i_dont_exist (x) values ('y')")

        with patch.object(conn.dialect, "do_rollback", boom):
            assert_raises_message(
                tsa.exc.OperationalError,
                "rollback failed",
                conn.begin,
            )

    def test_exception_event_ad_hoc_context(self):
        """test that handle_error is called with a context in
        cases where _handle_dbapi_error() is normally called without
        any context.

        """

        engine = engines.testing_engine()

        listener = Mock(return_value=None)
        event.listen(engine, "handle_error", listener)

        nope = SomeException("nope")

        class MyType(TypeDecorator):
            impl = Integer
            cache_ok = True

            def process_bind_param(self, value, dialect):
                raise nope

        with engine.connect() as conn:
            assert_raises_message(
                tsa.exc.StatementError,
                r"\(.*.SomeException\) " r"nope\n\[SQL\: u?SELECT 1 ",
                conn.execute,
                select(1).where(column("foo") == literal("bar", MyType())),
            )

        ctx = listener.mock_calls[0][1][0]
        assert ctx.statement.startswith("SELECT 1 ")
        is_(ctx.is_disconnect, False)
        is_(ctx.original_exception, nope)

    def test_exception_event_non_dbapi_error(self):
        """test that handle_error is called with a context in
        cases where DBAPI raises an exception that is not a DBAPI
        exception, e.g. internal errors or encoding problems.

        """
        engine = engines.testing_engine()

        listener = Mock(return_value=None)
        event.listen(engine, "handle_error", listener)

        nope = TypeError("I'm not a DBAPI error")
        with engine.connect() as c:
            c.connection.cursor = Mock(
                return_value=Mock(execute=Mock(side_effect=nope))
            )

            assert_raises_message(
                TypeError,
                "I'm not a DBAPI error",
                c.exec_driver_sql,
                "select ",
            )
        ctx = listener.mock_calls[0][1][0]
        eq_(ctx.statement, "select ")
        is_(ctx.is_disconnect, False)
        is_(ctx.original_exception, nope)

    def test_exception_event_disable_handlers(self):
        engine = engines.testing_engine()

        class MyException1(Exception):
            pass

        @event.listens_for(engine, "handle_error")
        def err1(context):
            stmt = context.statement

            if "ERROR_ONE" in str(stmt):
                raise MyException1("my exception short circuit")

        with engine.connect() as conn:
            assert_raises(
                tsa.exc.DBAPIError,
                conn.execution_options(
                    skip_user_error_events=True
                ).exec_driver_sql,
                "SELECT ERROR_ONE FROM I_DONT_EXIST",
            )

            assert_raises(
                MyException1,
                conn.execution_options(
                    skip_user_error_events=False
                ).exec_driver_sql,
                "SELECT ERROR_ONE FROM I_DONT_EXIST",
            )

    def _test_alter_disconnect(self, orig_error, evt_value):
        engine = engines.testing_engine()

        @event.listens_for(engine, "handle_error")
        def evt(ctx):
            ctx.is_disconnect = evt_value

        with patch.object(
            engine.dialect, "is_disconnect", Mock(return_value=orig_error)
        ):
            with engine.connect() as c:
                try:
                    c.exec_driver_sql("SELECT x FROM nonexistent")
                    assert False
                except tsa.exc.StatementError as st:
                    eq_(st.connection_invalidated, evt_value)

    def test_alter_disconnect_to_true(self):
        self._test_alter_disconnect(False, True)
        self._test_alter_disconnect(True, True)

    def test_alter_disconnect_to_false(self):
        self._test_alter_disconnect(True, False)
        self._test_alter_disconnect(False, False)

    @testing.requires.independent_connections
    def _test_alter_invalidate_pool_to_false(self, set_to_false):
        orig_error = True

        engine = engines.testing_engine()

        @event.listens_for(engine, "handle_error")
        def evt(ctx):
            if set_to_false:
                ctx.invalidate_pool_on_disconnect = False

        c1, c2, c3 = (
            engine.pool.connect(),
            engine.pool.connect(),
            engine.pool.connect(),
        )
        crecs = [conn._connection_record for conn in (c1, c2, c3)]
        c1.close()
        c2.close()
        c3.close()

        with patch.object(
            engine.dialect, "is_disconnect", Mock(return_value=orig_error)
        ):
            with engine.connect() as c:
                target_crec = c.connection._connection_record
                try:
                    c.exec_driver_sql("SELECT x FROM nonexistent")
                    assert False
                except tsa.exc.StatementError as st:
                    eq_(st.connection_invalidated, True)

        for crec in crecs:
            if crec is target_crec or not set_to_false:
                is_not(crec.dbapi_connection, crec.get_connection())
            else:
                is_(crec.dbapi_connection, crec.get_connection())

    def test_alter_invalidate_pool_to_false(self):
        self._test_alter_invalidate_pool_to_false(True)

    def test_alter_invalidate_pool_stays_true(self):
        self._test_alter_invalidate_pool_to_false(False)

    def test_handle_error_event_connect_isolation_level(self):
        engine = engines.testing_engine()

        class MySpecialException(Exception):
            pass

        @event.listens_for(engine, "handle_error")
        def handle_error(ctx):
            raise MySpecialException("failed operation")

        ProgrammingError = engine.dialect.dbapi.ProgrammingError
        with engine.connect() as conn:
            with patch.object(
                conn.dialect,
                "get_isolation_level",
                Mock(side_effect=ProgrammingError("random error")),
            ):
                assert_raises(MySpecialException, conn.get_isolation_level)

    def test_handle_error_not_on_connection(self, connection):
        with expect_raises_message(
            tsa.exc.InvalidRequestError,
            r"The handle_error\(\) event hook as of SQLAlchemy 2.0 is "
            r"established "
            r"on the Dialect, and may only be applied to the Engine as a "
            r"whole or to a specific Dialect as a whole, not on a "
            r"per-Connection basis.",
        ):

            @event.listens_for(connection, "handle_error")
            def handle_error(ctx):
                pass

    @testing.only_on("sqlite+pysqlite")
    def test_cursor_close_resultset_failed_connectionless(self):
        engine = engines.testing_engine()

        the_conn = []
        the_cursor = []

        @event.listens_for(engine, "after_cursor_execute")
        def go(
            connection, cursor, statement, parameters, context, executemany
        ):
            the_cursor.append(cursor)
            the_conn.append(connection)

        with mock.patch(
            "sqlalchemy.engine.cursor.CursorResult.__init__",
            Mock(side_effect=tsa.exc.InvalidRequestError("duplicate col")),
        ):
            with engine.connect() as conn:
                assert_raises(
                    tsa.exc.InvalidRequestError,
                    conn.execute,
                    text("select 1"),
                )

        # cursor is closed
        assert_raises_message(
            engine.dialect.dbapi.ProgrammingError,
            "Cannot operate on a closed cursor",
            the_cursor[0].execute,
            "select 1",
        )

        # connection is closed
        assert the_conn[0].closed

    @testing.only_on("sqlite+pysqlite")
    def test_cursor_close_resultset_failed_explicit(self):
        engine = engines.testing_engine()

        the_cursor = []

        @event.listens_for(engine, "after_cursor_execute")
        def go(
            connection, cursor, statement, parameters, context, executemany
        ):
            the_cursor.append(cursor)

        conn = engine.connect()

        with mock.patch(
            "sqlalchemy.engine.cursor.CursorResult.__init__",
            Mock(side_effect=tsa.exc.InvalidRequestError("duplicate col")),
        ):
            assert_raises(
                tsa.exc.InvalidRequestError,
                conn.execute,
                text("select 1"),
            )

        # cursor is closed
        assert_raises_message(
            engine.dialect.dbapi.ProgrammingError,
            "Cannot operate on a closed cursor",
            the_cursor[0].execute,
            "select 1",
        )

        # connection not closed
        assert not conn.closed

        conn.close()


class OnConnectTest(fixtures.TestBase):
    __requires__ = ("sqlite",)

    def setup_test(self):
        e = create_engine("sqlite://")

        connection = Mock(get_server_version_info=Mock(return_value="5.0"))

        def connect(*args, **kwargs):
            return connection

        dbapi = Mock(
            sqlite_version_info=(99, 9, 9),
            version_info=(99, 9, 9),
            sqlite_version="99.9.9",
            paramstyle="named",
            connect=Mock(side_effect=connect),
        )

        sqlite3 = e.dialect.dbapi
        dbapi.Error = (sqlite3.Error,)
        dbapi.ProgrammingError = sqlite3.ProgrammingError

        self.dbapi = dbapi
        self.ProgrammingError = sqlite3.ProgrammingError

    def test_wraps_connect_in_dbapi(self):
        dbapi = self.dbapi
        dbapi.connect = Mock(side_effect=self.ProgrammingError("random error"))
        try:
            create_engine("sqlite://", module=dbapi).connect()
            assert False
        except tsa.exc.DBAPIError as de:
            assert not de.connection_invalidated

    def test_handle_error_event_connect(self):
        dbapi = self.dbapi
        dbapi.connect = Mock(side_effect=self.ProgrammingError("random error"))

        class MySpecialException(Exception):
            pass

        eng = create_engine("sqlite://", module=dbapi)

        @event.listens_for(eng, "handle_error")
        def handle_error(ctx):
            assert ctx.engine is eng
            assert ctx.connection is None
            raise MySpecialException("failed operation")

        assert_raises(MySpecialException, eng.connect)

    def test_handle_error_event_revalidate(self):
        dbapi = self.dbapi

        class MySpecialException(Exception):
            pass

        eng = create_engine("sqlite://", module=dbapi, _initialize=False)

        @event.listens_for(eng, "handle_error")
        def handle_error(ctx):
            assert ctx.engine is eng
            assert ctx.connection is conn
            assert isinstance(
                ctx.sqlalchemy_exception, tsa.exc.ProgrammingError
            )
            raise MySpecialException("failed operation")

        conn = eng.connect()
        conn.invalidate()

        dbapi.connect = Mock(side_effect=self.ProgrammingError("random error"))

        assert_raises(MySpecialException, getattr, conn, "connection")

    def test_handle_error_event_implicit_revalidate(self):
        dbapi = self.dbapi

        class MySpecialException(Exception):
            pass

        eng = create_engine("sqlite://", module=dbapi, _initialize=False)

        @event.listens_for(eng, "handle_error")
        def handle_error(ctx):
            assert ctx.engine is eng
            assert ctx.connection is conn
            assert isinstance(
                ctx.sqlalchemy_exception, tsa.exc.ProgrammingError
            )
            raise MySpecialException("failed operation")

        conn = eng.connect()
        conn.invalidate()

        dbapi.connect = Mock(side_effect=self.ProgrammingError("random error"))

        assert_raises(MySpecialException, conn.execute, select(1))

    def test_handle_error_custom_connect(self):
        dbapi = self.dbapi

        class MySpecialException(Exception):
            pass

        def custom_connect():
            raise self.ProgrammingError("random error")

        eng = create_engine("sqlite://", module=dbapi, creator=custom_connect)

        @event.listens_for(eng, "handle_error")
        def handle_error(ctx):
            assert ctx.engine is eng
            assert ctx.connection is None
            raise MySpecialException("failed operation")

        assert_raises(MySpecialException, eng.connect)

    def test_handle_error_event_connect_invalidate_flag(self):
        dbapi = self.dbapi
        dbapi.connect = Mock(
            side_effect=self.ProgrammingError(
                "Cannot operate on a closed database."
            )
        )

        class MySpecialException(Exception):
            pass

        eng = create_engine("sqlite://", module=dbapi)

        @event.listens_for(eng, "handle_error")
        def handle_error(ctx):
            assert ctx.is_disconnect
            ctx.is_disconnect = False

        try:
            eng.connect()
            assert False
        except tsa.exc.DBAPIError as de:
            assert not de.connection_invalidated

    def test_cant_connect_stay_invalidated(self):
        class MySpecialException(Exception):
            pass

        eng = create_engine("sqlite://")

        @event.listens_for(eng, "handle_error")
        def handle_error(ctx):
            assert ctx.is_disconnect

        conn = eng.connect()

        conn.invalidate()

        eng.pool._creator = Mock(
            side_effect=self.ProgrammingError(
                "Cannot operate on a closed database."
            )
        )

        try:
            conn.connection
            assert False
        except tsa.exc.DBAPIError:
            assert conn.invalidated

    def test_dont_touch_non_dbapi_exception_on_connect(self):
        dbapi = self.dbapi
        dbapi.connect = Mock(side_effect=TypeError("I'm not a DBAPI error"))

        e = create_engine("sqlite://", module=dbapi)
        e.dialect.is_disconnect = is_disconnect = Mock()
        assert_raises_message(TypeError, "I'm not a DBAPI error", e.connect)
        eq_(is_disconnect.call_count, 0)

    def test_ensure_dialect_does_is_disconnect_no_conn(self):
        """test that is_disconnect() doesn't choke if no connection,
        cursor given."""
        dialect = testing.db.dialect
        dbapi = dialect.dbapi
        assert not dialect.is_disconnect(
            dbapi.OperationalError("test"), None, None
        )

    def test_dont_create_transaction_on_initialize(self):
        """test that engine init doesn't invoke autobegin.

        this happened implicitly in 1.4 due to use of a non-future
        connection for initialize.

        to fix for 2.0 we added a new flag _allow_autobegin=False
        for init purposes only.

        """
        e = create_engine("sqlite://")

        init_connection = None

        def mock_initialize(connection):
            # definitely trigger what would normally be an autobegin
            connection.execute(select(1))
            nonlocal init_connection
            init_connection = connection

        with mock.patch.object(
            e._connection_cls, "begin"
        ) as mock_begin, mock.patch.object(
            e.dialect, "initialize", Mock(side_effect=mock_initialize)
        ) as mock_init:
            conn = e.connect()

            eq_(mock_begin.mock_calls, [])
            is_not(init_connection, None)
            is_not(conn, init_connection)
            is_false(init_connection._allow_autobegin)
            eq_(mock_init.mock_calls, [mock.call(init_connection)])

            # assert the mock works too
            conn.begin()
            eq_(mock_begin.mock_calls, [mock.call()])

            conn.close()

    def test_invalidate_on_connect(self):
        """test that is_disconnect() is called during connect.

        interpretation of connection failures are not supported by
        every backend.

        """
        dbapi = self.dbapi
        dbapi.connect = Mock(
            side_effect=self.ProgrammingError(
                "Cannot operate on a closed database."
            )
        )
        e = create_engine("sqlite://", module=dbapi)
        try:
            e.connect()
            assert False
        except tsa.exc.DBAPIError as de:
            assert de.connection_invalidated

    @testing.only_on("sqlite+pysqlite")
    def test_initialize_connect_calls(self):
        """test for :ticket:`5497`, on_connect not called twice"""

        m1 = Mock()
        cls_ = testing.db.dialect.__class__

        class SomeDialect(cls_):
            def initialize(self, connection):
                super().initialize(connection)
                m1.initialize(connection)

            def on_connect(self):
                oc = super().on_connect()

                def my_on_connect(conn):
                    if oc:
                        oc(conn)
                    m1.on_connect(conn)

                return my_on_connect

        u1 = Mock(
            username=None,
            password=None,
            host=None,
            port=None,
            query={},
            database=None,
            _instantiate_plugins=lambda kw: (u1, [], kw),
            _get_entrypoint=Mock(
                return_value=Mock(get_dialect_cls=lambda u: SomeDialect)
            ),
        )
        eng = create_engine(u1, poolclass=QueuePool)
        # make sure other dialects aren't getting pulled in here
        eq_(eng.name, "sqlite")
        c = eng.connect()
        dbapi_conn_one = c.connection.dbapi_connection
        c.close()

        eq_(
            m1.mock_calls,
            [call.on_connect(dbapi_conn_one), call.initialize(mock.ANY)],
        )

        c = eng.connect()

        eq_(
            m1.mock_calls,
            [call.on_connect(dbapi_conn_one), call.initialize(mock.ANY)],
        )

        c2 = eng.connect()
        dbapi_conn_two = c2.connection.dbapi_connection

        is_not(dbapi_conn_one, dbapi_conn_two)

        eq_(
            m1.mock_calls,
            [
                call.on_connect(dbapi_conn_one),
                call.initialize(mock.ANY),
                call.on_connect(dbapi_conn_two),
            ],
        )

        c.close()
        c2.close()

    @testing.only_on("sqlite+pysqlite")
    def test_initialize_connect_race(self):
        """test for :ticket:`6337` fixing the regression in :ticket:`5497`,
        dialect init is mutexed"""

        m1 = []
        cls_ = testing.db.dialect.__class__

        class SomeDialect(cls_):
            supports_statement_cache = True

            def initialize(self, connection):
                super().initialize(connection)
                m1.append("initialize")

            def on_connect(self):
                oc = super().on_connect()

                def my_on_connect(conn):
                    if oc:
                        oc(conn)
                    m1.append("on_connect")

                return my_on_connect

        u1 = Mock(
            username=None,
            password=None,
            host=None,
            port=None,
            query={},
            database=None,
            _instantiate_plugins=lambda kw: (u1, [], kw),
            _get_entrypoint=Mock(
                return_value=Mock(get_dialect_cls=lambda u: SomeDialect)
            ),
        )

        for j in range(5):
            m1[:] = []
            eng = create_engine(
                u1,
                poolclass=NullPool,
                connect_args={"check_same_thread": False},
            )

            def go():
                c = eng.connect()
                c.execute(text("select 1"))
                c.close()

            threads = [threading.Thread(target=go) for i in range(10)]
            for t in threads:
                t.start()
            for t in threads:
                t.join()

            eq_(m1, ["on_connect", "initialize"] + ["on_connect"] * 9)


class DialectEventTest(fixtures.TestBase):
    @contextmanager
    def _run_test(self, retval):
        m1 = Mock()

        m1.do_execute.return_value = retval
        m1.do_executemany.return_value = retval
        m1.do_execute_no_params.return_value = retval
        e = engines.testing_engine(options={"_initialize": False})

        event.listen(e, "do_execute", m1.do_execute)
        event.listen(e, "do_executemany", m1.do_executemany)
        event.listen(e, "do_execute_no_params", m1.do_execute_no_params)

        e.dialect.do_execute = m1.real_do_execute
        e.dialect.do_executemany = m1.real_do_executemany
        e.dialect.do_execute_no_params = m1.real_do_execute_no_params

        def mock_the_cursor(cursor, *arg):
            arg[-1].get_result_proxy = Mock(return_value=Mock(context=arg[-1]))
            return retval

        m1.real_do_execute.side_effect = m1.do_execute.side_effect = (
            mock_the_cursor
        )
        m1.real_do_executemany.side_effect = m1.do_executemany.side_effect = (
            mock_the_cursor
        )
        m1.real_do_execute_no_params.side_effect = (
            m1.do_execute_no_params.side_effect
        ) = mock_the_cursor

        with e.begin() as conn:
            yield conn, m1

    def _assert(self, retval, m1, m2, mock_calls):
        eq_(m1.mock_calls, mock_calls)
        if retval:
            eq_(m2.mock_calls, [])
        else:
            eq_(m2.mock_calls, mock_calls)

    def _test_do_execute(self, retval):
        with self._run_test(retval) as (conn, m1):
            result = conn.exec_driver_sql(
                "insert into table foo", {"foo": "bar"}
            )
        self._assert(
            retval,
            m1.do_execute,
            m1.real_do_execute,
            [
                call(
                    result.context.cursor,
                    "insert into table foo",
                    {"foo": "bar"},
                    result.context,
                )
            ],
        )

    def _test_do_executemany(self, retval):
        with self._run_test(retval) as (conn, m1):
            result = conn.exec_driver_sql(
                "insert into table foo", [{"foo": "bar"}, {"foo": "bar"}]
            )
        self._assert(
            retval,
            m1.do_executemany,
            m1.real_do_executemany,
            [
                call(
                    result.context.cursor,
                    "insert into table foo",
                    [{"foo": "bar"}, {"foo": "bar"}],
                    result.context,
                )
            ],
        )

    def _test_do_execute_no_params(self, retval):
        with self._run_test(retval) as (conn, m1):
            result = conn.execution_options(
                no_parameters=True
            ).exec_driver_sql("insert into table foo")
        self._assert(
            retval,
            m1.do_execute_no_params,
            m1.real_do_execute_no_params,
            [
                call(
                    result.context.cursor,
                    "insert into table foo",
                    result.context,
                )
            ],
        )

    def _test_cursor_execute(self, retval):
        with self._run_test(retval) as (conn, m1):
            dialect = conn.dialect

            stmt = "insert into table foo"
            params = {"foo": "bar"}
            ctx = dialect.execution_ctx_cls._init_statement(
                dialect,
                conn,
                conn.connection,
                {},
                stmt,
                [params],
            )

            conn._cursor_execute(ctx.cursor, stmt, params, ctx)

        self._assert(
            retval,
            m1.do_execute,
            m1.real_do_execute,
            [call(ctx.cursor, "insert into table foo", {"foo": "bar"}, ctx)],
        )

    def test_do_execute_w_replace(self):
        self._test_do_execute(True)

    def test_do_execute_wo_replace(self):
        self._test_do_execute(False)

    def test_do_executemany_w_replace(self):
        self._test_do_executemany(True)

    def test_do_executemany_wo_replace(self):
        self._test_do_executemany(False)

    def test_do_execute_no_params_w_replace(self):
        self._test_do_execute_no_params(True)

    def test_do_execute_no_params_wo_replace(self):
        self._test_do_execute_no_params(False)

    def test_cursor_execute_w_replace(self):
        self._test_cursor_execute(True)

    def test_cursor_execute_wo_replace(self):
        self._test_cursor_execute(False)

    def test_connect_replace_params(self):
        e = engines.testing_engine(options={"_initialize": False})

        @event.listens_for(e, "do_connect")
        def evt(dialect, conn_rec, cargs, cparams):
            cargs[:] = ["foo", "hoho"]
            cparams.clear()
            cparams["bar"] = "bat"
            conn_rec.info["boom"] = "bap"

        m1 = Mock()
        e.dialect.connect = m1.real_connect

        with e.connect() as conn:
            eq_(m1.mock_calls, [call.real_connect("foo", "hoho", bar="bat")])
            eq_(conn.info["boom"], "bap")

    def test_connect_do_connect(self):
        e = engines.testing_engine(options={"_initialize": False})

        m1 = Mock()

        @event.listens_for(e, "do_connect")
        def evt1(dialect, conn_rec, cargs, cparams):
            cargs[:] = ["foo", "hoho"]
            cparams.clear()
            cparams["bar"] = "bat"
            conn_rec.info["boom"] = "one"

        @event.listens_for(e, "do_connect")
        def evt2(dialect, conn_rec, cargs, cparams):
            conn_rec.info["bap"] = "two"
            return m1.our_connect(cargs, cparams)

        with e.connect() as conn:
            # called with args
            eq_(
                m1.mock_calls,
                [call.our_connect(["foo", "hoho"], {"bar": "bat"})],
            )

            eq_(conn.info["boom"], "one")
            eq_(conn.info["bap"], "two")

            # returned our mock connection
            is_(conn.connection.dbapi_connection, m1.our_connect())

    def test_connect_do_connect_info_there_after_recycle(self):
        # test that info is maintained after the do_connect()
        # event for a soft invalidation.

        e = engines.testing_engine(options={"_initialize": False})

        @event.listens_for(e, "do_connect")
        def evt1(dialect, conn_rec, cargs, cparams):
            conn_rec.info["boom"] = "one"

        conn = e.connect()
        eq_(conn.info["boom"], "one")

        conn.connection.invalidate(soft=True)
        conn.close()
        with e.connect() as conn:
            eq_(conn.info["boom"], "one")

    def test_connect_do_connect_info_there_after_invalidate(self):
        # test that info is maintained after the do_connect()
        # event for a hard invalidation.

        e = engines.testing_engine(options={"_initialize": False})

        @event.listens_for(e, "do_connect")
        def evt1(dialect, conn_rec, cargs, cparams):
            assert not conn_rec.info
            conn_rec.info["boom"] = "one"

        conn = e.connect()
        eq_(conn.info["boom"], "one")

        conn.connection.invalidate()

        with e.connect() as conn:
            eq_(conn.info["boom"], "one")

    def test_connect_do_connect_no_cargs_cparams_leak_nullpool(self):
        """test #13144, cargs/cparams in do_connect are not shared"""

        e = engines.testing_engine(
            options={"_initialize": False, "poolclass": NullPool}
        )

        m1 = Mock()
        e.dialect.connect = m1.mock_connect

        cargs_list = []
        cparams_list = []
        call_count = 0

        @event.listens_for(e, "do_connect")
        def evt(dialect, conn_rec, cargs, cparams):
            nonlocal call_count
            cargs_list.append(cargs)
            cparams_list.append(cparams)

            cargs.append(f"extra_arg_{call_count}")
            cparams[f"extra_param_{call_count}"] = "value"
            call_count += 1

        for _ in range(3):
            with e.connect():
                pass

        all_list_keys = ["extra_arg_0", "extra_arg_1", "extra_arg_2"]

        for carg, expected in zip(cargs_list, all_list_keys):
            eq_(set(carg).intersection(all_list_keys), {expected})

        all_param_keys = ["extra_param_0", "extra_param_1", "extra_param_2"]
        for cparam, expected in zip(cparams_list, all_param_keys):
            eq_(set(cparam).intersection(all_param_keys), {expected})

        eq_(
            len(set(id(carg) for carg in cargs_list)),
            3,
            "cargs should be different objects",
        )
        eq_(
            len(set(id(cparam) for cparam in cparams_list)),
            3,
            "cparams should be different objects",
        )


class SetInputSizesTest(fixtures.TablesTest):
    __backend__ = True

    __requires__ = ("independent_connections", "insert_returning")

    @classmethod
    def define_tables(cls, metadata):
        Table(
            "users",
            metadata,
            Column("user_id", INT, primary_key=True, autoincrement=False),
            Column("user_name", VARCHAR(20)),
        )

    @testing.fixture
    def input_sizes_fixture(self, testing_engine):
        canary = mock.Mock()

        def do_set_input_sizes(cursor, list_of_tuples, context):
            canary.do_set_input_sizes(cursor, list_of_tuples, context)

        def pre_exec(self):
            self.translate_set_input_sizes = None
            self.include_set_input_sizes = None
            self.exclude_set_input_sizes = None

        engine = testing_engine()
        engine.connect().close()

        # the idea of this test is we fully replace the dialect
        # do_set_input_sizes with a mock, and we can then intercept
        # the setting passed to the dialect.  the test table uses very
        # "safe" datatypes so that the DBAPI does not actually need
        # setinputsizes() called in order to work.

        with mock.patch.object(
            engine.dialect, "bind_typing", BindTyping.SETINPUTSIZES
        ), mock.patch.object(
            engine.dialect, "do_set_input_sizes", do_set_input_sizes
        ), mock.patch.object(
            engine.dialect.execution_ctx_cls, "pre_exec", pre_exec
        ):
            yield engine, canary

    @testing.requires.insertmanyvalues
    def test_set_input_sizes_insertmanyvalues_no_event(
        self, input_sizes_fixture
    ):
        engine, canary = input_sizes_fixture

        with engine.begin() as conn:
            conn.execute(
                self.tables.users.insert().returning(
                    self.tables.users.c.user_id
                ),
                [
                    {"user_id": 1, "user_name": "n1"},
                    {"user_id": 2, "user_name": "n2"},
                    {"user_id": 3, "user_name": "n3"},
                ],
            )

        eq_(
            canary.mock_calls,
            [
                call.do_set_input_sizes(
                    mock.ANY,
                    [
                        (
                            "user_id_0",
                            mock.ANY,
                            testing.eq_type_affinity(Integer),
                        ),
                        (
                            "user_name_0",
                            mock.ANY,
                            testing.eq_type_affinity(String),
                        ),
                        (
                            "user_id_1",
                            mock.ANY,
                            testing.eq_type_affinity(Integer),
                        ),
                        (
                            "user_name_1",
                            mock.ANY,
                            testing.eq_type_affinity(String),
                        ),
                        (
                            "user_id_2",
                            mock.ANY,
                            testing.eq_type_affinity(Integer),
                        ),
                        (
                            "user_name_2",
                            mock.ANY,
                            testing.eq_type_affinity(String),
                        ),
                    ],
                    mock.ANY,
                )
            ],
        )

    def test_set_input_sizes_no_event(self, input_sizes_fixture):
        engine, canary = input_sizes_fixture

        with engine.begin() as conn:
            conn.execute(
                self.tables.users.update()
                .where(self.tables.users.c.user_id == 15)
                .values(user_id=15, user_name="n1"),
            )

        eq_(
            canary.mock_calls,
            [
                call.do_set_input_sizes(
                    mock.ANY,
                    [
                        (
                            "user_id",
                            mock.ANY,
                            testing.eq_type_affinity(Integer),
                        ),
                        (
                            "user_name",
                            mock.ANY,
                            testing.eq_type_affinity(String),
                        ),
                        (
                            "user_id_1",
                            mock.ANY,
                            testing.eq_type_affinity(Integer),
                        ),
                    ],
                    mock.ANY,
                )
            ],
        )

    def test_set_input_sizes_expanding_param(self, input_sizes_fixture):
        engine, canary = input_sizes_fixture

        with engine.connect() as conn:
            conn.execute(
                select(self.tables.users).where(
                    self.tables.users.c.user_name.in_(["x", "y", "z"])
                )
            )

        eq_(
            canary.mock_calls,
            [
                call.do_set_input_sizes(
                    mock.ANY,
                    [
                        (
                            "user_name_1_1",
                            mock.ANY,
                            testing.eq_type_affinity(String),
                        ),
                        (
                            "user_name_1_2",
                            mock.ANY,
                            testing.eq_type_affinity(String),
                        ),
                        (
                            "user_name_1_3",
                            mock.ANY,
                            testing.eq_type_affinity(String),
                        ),
                    ],
                    mock.ANY,
                )
            ],
        )

    @testing.requires.tuple_in
    def test_set_input_sizes_expanding_tuple_param(self, input_sizes_fixture):
        engine, canary = input_sizes_fixture

        from sqlalchemy import tuple_

        with engine.connect() as conn:
            conn.execute(
                select(self.tables.users).where(
                    tuple_(
                        self.tables.users.c.user_id,
                        self.tables.users.c.user_name,
                    ).in_([(1, "x"), (2, "y")])
                )
            )

        eq_(
            canary.mock_calls,
            [
                call.do_set_input_sizes(
                    mock.ANY,
                    [
                        (
                            "param_1_1_1",
                            mock.ANY,
                            testing.eq_type_affinity(Integer),
                        ),
                        (
                            "param_1_1_2",
                            mock.ANY,
                            testing.eq_type_affinity(String),
                        ),
                        (
                            "param_1_2_1",
                            mock.ANY,
                            testing.eq_type_affinity(Integer),
                        ),
                        (
                            "param_1_2_2",
                            mock.ANY,
                            testing.eq_type_affinity(String),
                        ),
                    ],
                    mock.ANY,
                )
            ],
        )

    def test_set_input_sizes_event(self, input_sizes_fixture):
        engine, canary = input_sizes_fixture

        SPECIAL_STRING = mock.Mock()

        @event.listens_for(engine, "do_setinputsizes")
        def do_setinputsizes(
            inputsizes, cursor, statement, parameters, context
        ):
            for k in inputsizes:
                if k.type._type_affinity is String:
                    inputsizes[k] = (
                        SPECIAL_STRING,
                        None,
                        0,
                    )

        with engine.begin() as conn:
            conn.execute(
                self.tables.users.update()
                .where(self.tables.users.c.user_id == 15)
                .values(user_id=15, user_name="n1"),
            )

        eq_(
            canary.mock_calls,
            [
                call.do_set_input_sizes(
                    mock.ANY,
                    [
                        (
                            "user_id",
                            mock.ANY,
                            testing.eq_type_affinity(Integer),
                        ),
                        (
                            "user_name",
                            (SPECIAL_STRING, None, 0),
                            testing.eq_type_affinity(String),
                        ),
                        (
                            "user_id_1",
                            mock.ANY,
                            testing.eq_type_affinity(Integer),
                        ),
                    ],
                    mock.ANY,
                )
            ],
        )


class DialectDoesntSupportCachingTest(fixtures.TestBase):
    """test the opt-in caching flag added in :ticket:`6184`."""

    __only_on__ = "sqlite+pysqlite"

    __requires__ = ("sqlite_memory",)

    @testing.fixture()
    def sqlite_no_cache_dialect(self, testing_engine):
        from sqlalchemy.dialects.sqlite.pysqlite import SQLiteDialect_pysqlite
        from sqlalchemy.dialects.sqlite.base import SQLiteCompiler
        from sqlalchemy.sql import visitors

        class MyCompiler(SQLiteCompiler):
            def translate_select_structure(self, select_stmt, **kwargs):
                select = select_stmt

                if not getattr(select, "_mydialect_visit", None):
                    select = visitors.cloned_traverse(select_stmt, {}, {})
                    if select._limit_clause is not None:
                        # create a bindparam with a fixed name and hardcode
                        # it to the given limit.  this breaks caching.
                        select._limit_clause = bindparam(
                            "limit", value=select._limit, literal_execute=True
                        )

                    select._mydialect_visit = True

                return select

        class MyDialect(SQLiteDialect_pysqlite):
            statement_compiler = MyCompiler
            supports_statement_cache = False

        from sqlalchemy.dialects import registry

        def go(name):
            return MyDialect

        with mock.patch.object(registry, "load", go):
            eng = testing_engine()
            yield eng

    @testing.fixture
    def data_fixture(self, sqlite_no_cache_dialect):
        m = MetaData()
        t = Table("t1", m, Column("x", Integer))
        with sqlite_no_cache_dialect.begin() as conn:
            t.create(conn)
            conn.execute(t.insert(), [{"x": 1}, {"x": 2}, {"x": 3}, {"x": 4}])

        return t

    def test_no_cache(self, sqlite_no_cache_dialect, data_fixture):
        eng = sqlite_no_cache_dialect

        def go(lim):
            with eng.connect() as conn:
                result = conn.execute(
                    select(data_fixture).order_by(data_fixture.c.x).limit(lim)
                )
                return result

        r1 = go(2)
        r2 = go(3)

        eq_(r1.all(), [(1,), (2,)])
        eq_(r2.all(), [(1,), (2,), (3,)])

    def test_it_caches(self, sqlite_no_cache_dialect, data_fixture):
        eng = sqlite_no_cache_dialect
        eng.dialect.__class__.supports_statement_cache = True
        del eng.dialect.__dict__["_supports_statement_cache"]

        def go(lim):
            with eng.connect() as conn:
                result = conn.execute(
                    select(data_fixture).order_by(data_fixture.c.x).limit(lim)
                )
                return result

        r1 = go(2)
        r2 = go(3)

        eq_(r1.all(), [(1,), (2,)])

        # wrong answer
        eq_(
            r2.all(),
            [
                (1,),
                (2,),
            ],
        )
