import collections
from collections import defaultdict
import collections.abc as collections_abc
from contextlib import contextmanager
import csv
from io import StringIO
import operator
import os
import pickle
import subprocess
import sys
from tempfile import mkstemp
from unittest.mock import Mock
from unittest.mock import patch

from sqlalchemy import CHAR
from sqlalchemy import column
from sqlalchemy import exc
from sqlalchemy import exc as sa_exc
from sqlalchemy import ForeignKey
from sqlalchemy import func
from sqlalchemy import INT
from sqlalchemy import Integer
from sqlalchemy import literal
from sqlalchemy import literal_column
from sqlalchemy import MetaData
from sqlalchemy import select
from sqlalchemy import sql
from sqlalchemy import String
from sqlalchemy import table
from sqlalchemy import testing
from sqlalchemy import text
from sqlalchemy import true
from sqlalchemy import tuple_
from sqlalchemy import type_coerce
from sqlalchemy import TypeDecorator
from sqlalchemy import VARCHAR
from sqlalchemy.engine import cursor as _cursor
from sqlalchemy.engine import default
from sqlalchemy.engine import Row
from sqlalchemy.engine.result import SimpleResultMetaData
from sqlalchemy.ext.compiler import compiles
from sqlalchemy.sql import ColumnElement
from sqlalchemy.sql import expression
from sqlalchemy.sql import LABEL_STYLE_TABLENAME_PLUS_COL
from sqlalchemy.sql.selectable import LABEL_STYLE_NONE
from sqlalchemy.sql.selectable import TextualSelect
from sqlalchemy.sql.sqltypes import NULLTYPE
from sqlalchemy.sql.util import ClauseAdapter
from sqlalchemy.testing import assert_raises
from sqlalchemy.testing import assert_raises_message
from sqlalchemy.testing import assertions
from sqlalchemy.testing import engines
from sqlalchemy.testing import eq_
from sqlalchemy.testing import expect_raises
from sqlalchemy.testing import expect_raises_message
from sqlalchemy.testing import fixtures
from sqlalchemy.testing import in_
from sqlalchemy.testing import is_
from sqlalchemy.testing import is_false
from sqlalchemy.testing import is_true
from sqlalchemy.testing import le_
from sqlalchemy.testing import mock
from sqlalchemy.testing import ne_
from sqlalchemy.testing import not_in
from sqlalchemy.testing.schema import Column
from sqlalchemy.testing.schema import Table


class CursorResultTest(fixtures.TablesTest):
    __sparse_driver_backend__ = True

    @classmethod
    def define_tables(cls, metadata):
        Table(
            "users",
            metadata,
            Column(
                "user_id", INT, primary_key=True, test_needs_autoincrement=True
            ),
            Column("user_name", VARCHAR(20)),
            test_needs_acid=True,
        )
        Table(
            "addresses",
            metadata,
            Column(
                "address_id",
                Integer,
                primary_key=True,
                test_needs_autoincrement=True,
            ),
            Column("user_id", Integer, ForeignKey("users.user_id")),
            Column("address", String(30)),
            test_needs_acid=True,
        )

        Table(
            "users2",
            metadata,
            Column("user_id", INT, primary_key=True),
            Column("user_name", VARCHAR(20)),
            test_needs_acid=True,
        )
        Table(
            "test",
            metadata,
            Column(
                "x", Integer, primary_key=True, test_needs_autoincrement=False
            ),
            Column("y", String(50)),
        )

    @testing.variation(
        "type_", ["text", "driversql", "core", "textstar", "driverstar"]
    )
    def test_freeze(self, type_, connection):
        """test #8963"""

        users = self.tables.users
        connection.execute(
            users.insert(),
            [
                dict(user_id=1, user_name="john"),
                dict(user_id=2, user_name="jack"),
            ],
        )

        if type_.core:
            stmt = select(users).order_by(users.c.user_id)
        else:
            if "star" in type_.name:
                stmt = "select * from users order by user_id"
            else:
                stmt = "select user_id, user_name from users order by user_id"

            if "text" in type_.name:
                stmt = text(stmt)

        if "driver" in type_.name:
            result = connection.exec_driver_sql(stmt)
        else:
            result = connection.execute(stmt)

        frozen = result.freeze()

        unfrozen = frozen()
        eq_(unfrozen.keys(), ["user_id", "user_name"])
        eq_(unfrozen.all(), [(1, "john"), (2, "jack")])

        unfrozen = frozen()
        eq_(
            unfrozen.mappings().all(),
            [
                {"user_id": 1, "user_name": "john"},
                {"user_id": 2, "user_name": "jack"},
            ],
        )

    @testing.requires.insert_executemany_returning
    def test_splice_horizontally(self, connection):
        users = self.tables.users
        addresses = self.tables.addresses

        r1 = connection.execute(
            users.insert().returning(users.c.user_name, users.c.user_id),
            [
                dict(user_id=1, user_name="john"),
                dict(user_id=2, user_name="jack"),
            ],
        )

        r2 = connection.execute(
            addresses.insert().returning(
                addresses.c.address_id,
                addresses.c.address,
                addresses.c.user_id,
            ),
            [
                dict(address_id=1, user_id=1, address="foo@bar.com"),
                dict(address_id=2, user_id=2, address="bar@bat.com"),
            ],
        )

        rows = r1.splice_horizontally(r2).all()
        eq_(
            rows,
            [
                ("john", 1, 1, "foo@bar.com", 1),
                ("jack", 2, 2, "bar@bat.com", 2),
            ],
        )

        eq_(rows[0]._mapping[users.c.user_id], 1)
        eq_(rows[0]._mapping[addresses.c.user_id], 1)
        eq_(rows[1].address, "bar@bat.com")

        with expect_raises_message(
            exc.InvalidRequestError, "Ambiguous column name 'user_id'"
        ):
            rows[0].user_id

    def test_keys_no_rows(self, connection):
        for i in range(2):
            r = connection.execute(
                text("update users set user_name='new' where user_id=10")
            )

            with expect_raises_message(
                exc.ResourceClosedError,
                "This result object does not return rows",
            ):
                r.keys()

    def test_row_keys_removed(self, connection):
        r = connection.execute(
            text("select * from users where user_id=2")
        ).first()

        with expect_raises(AttributeError):
            r.keys()

    def test_row_contains_key_no_strings(self, connection):
        users = self.tables.users

        connection.execute(
            users.insert(),
            [
                dict(user_id=1, user_name="john"),
                dict(user_id=2, user_name="jack"),
            ],
        )

        r = connection.execute(
            text("select * from users where user_id=2")
        ).first()

        not_in("user_name", r)
        in_("user_name", r._mapping)
        not_in("foobar", r)
        not_in("foobar", r._mapping)

    def test_row_iteration(self, connection):
        users = self.tables.users

        connection.execute(
            users.insert(),
            [
                {"user_id": 7, "user_name": "jack"},
                {"user_id": 8, "user_name": "ed"},
                {"user_id": 9, "user_name": "fred"},
            ],
        )
        r = connection.execute(users.select())
        rows = []
        for row in r:
            rows.append(row)
        eq_(len(rows), 3)

    def test_scalars(self, connection):
        users = self.tables.users

        connection.execute(
            users.insert(),
            [
                {"user_id": 7, "user_name": "jack"},
                {"user_id": 8, "user_name": "ed"},
                {"user_id": 9, "user_name": "fred"},
            ],
        )
        r = connection.scalars(users.select().order_by(users.c.user_id))
        eq_(r.all(), [7, 8, 9])

    def test_result_tuples(self, connection):
        users = self.tables.users

        connection.execute(
            users.insert(),
            [
                {"user_id": 7, "user_name": "jack"},
                {"user_id": 8, "user_name": "ed"},
                {"user_id": 9, "user_name": "fred"},
            ],
        )
        r = connection.execute(
            users.select().order_by(users.c.user_id)
        ).tuples()
        eq_(r.all(), [(7, "jack"), (8, "ed"), (9, "fred")])

    def test_row_tuple(self, connection):
        users = self.tables.users

        connection.execute(
            users.insert(),
            [
                {"user_id": 7, "user_name": "jack"},
                {"user_id": 8, "user_name": "ed"},
                {"user_id": 9, "user_name": "fred"},
            ],
        )
        r = connection.execute(users.select().order_by(users.c.user_id)).all()
        exp = [(7, "jack"), (8, "ed"), (9, "fred")]
        eq_([row._t for row in r], exp)
        eq_([row._tuple() for row in r], exp)
        with assertions.expect_deprecated(
            r"The Row.t attribute is deprecated in favor of Row._t"
        ):
            eq_([row.t for row in r], exp)

        with assertions.expect_deprecated(
            r"The Row.tuple\(\) method is deprecated in "
            r"favor of Row._tuple\(\)"
        ):
            eq_([row.tuple() for row in r], exp)

    def test_row_next(self, connection):
        users = self.tables.users

        connection.execute(
            users.insert(),
            [
                {"user_id": 7, "user_name": "jack"},
                {"user_id": 8, "user_name": "ed"},
                {"user_id": 9, "user_name": "fred"},
            ],
        )
        r = connection.execute(users.select())
        rows = []
        while True:
            row = next(r, "foo")
            if row == "foo":
                break
            rows.append(row)
        eq_(len(rows), 3)

    @testing.requires.subqueries
    def test_anonymous_rows(self, connection):
        users = self.tables.users

        connection.execute(
            users.insert(),
            [
                {"user_id": 7, "user_name": "jack"},
                {"user_id": 8, "user_name": "ed"},
                {"user_id": 9, "user_name": "fred"},
            ],
        )

        sel = (
            select(users.c.user_id)
            .where(users.c.user_name == "jack")
            .scalar_subquery()
        )
        for row in connection.execute(select(sel + 1, sel + 3)):
            eq_(row._mapping["anon_1"], 8)
            eq_(row._mapping["anon_2"], 10)

    def test_row_comparison(self, connection):
        users = self.tables.users

        connection.execute(users.insert(), dict(user_id=7, user_name="jack"))
        rp = connection.execute(users.select()).first()

        eq_(rp, rp)
        is_(not (rp != rp), True)

        equal = (7, "jack")

        eq_(rp, equal)
        eq_(equal, rp)
        is_((not (rp != equal)), True)
        is_(not (equal != equal), True)

        def endless():
            while True:
                yield 1

        ne_(rp, endless())
        ne_(endless(), rp)

        # test that everything compares the same
        # as it would against a tuple
        for compare in [False, 8, endless(), "xyz", (7, "jack")]:
            for op in [
                operator.eq,
                operator.ne,
                operator.gt,
                operator.lt,
                operator.ge,
                operator.le,
            ]:
                try:
                    control = op(equal, compare)
                except TypeError:
                    # Py3K raises TypeError for some invalid comparisons
                    assert_raises(TypeError, op, rp, compare)
                else:
                    eq_(control, op(rp, compare))

                try:
                    control = op(compare, equal)
                except TypeError:
                    # Py3K raises TypeError for some invalid comparisons
                    assert_raises(TypeError, op, compare, rp)
                else:
                    eq_(control, op(compare, rp))

    @testing.provide_metadata
    def test_column_label_overlap_fallback(self, connection):
        content = Table("content", self.metadata, Column("type", String(30)))
        bar = Table("bar", self.metadata, Column("content_type", String(30)))
        self.metadata.create_all(connection)
        connection.execute(content.insert().values(type="t1"))

        row = connection.execute(
            content.select().set_label_style(LABEL_STYLE_TABLENAME_PLUS_COL)
        ).first()
        in_(content.c.type, row._mapping)
        not_in(bar.c.content_type, row._mapping)

        # in 1.x, would warn for string match, but return a result
        not_in(sql.column("content_type"), row)

        not_in(bar.c.content_type, row._mapping)

        row = connection.execute(
            select(func.now().label("content_type"))
        ).first()

        not_in(content.c.type, row._mapping)

        not_in(bar.c.content_type, row._mapping)

        # in 1.x, would warn for string match, but return a result
        not_in(sql.column("content_type"), row._mapping)

    def _pickle_row_data(self, connection, use_labels):
        users = self.tables.users

        connection.execute(
            users.insert(),
            [
                {"user_id": 7, "user_name": "jack"},
                {"user_id": 8, "user_name": "ed"},
                {"user_id": 9, "user_name": "fred"},
            ],
        )

        result = connection.execute(
            users.select()
            .order_by(users.c.user_id)
            .set_label_style(
                LABEL_STYLE_TABLENAME_PLUS_COL
                if use_labels
                else LABEL_STYLE_NONE
            )
        ).all()
        return result

    @testing.variation("use_pickle", [True, False])
    @testing.variation("use_labels", [True, False])
    def test_pickled_rows(self, connection, use_pickle, use_labels):
        users = self.tables.users
        addresses = self.tables.addresses

        result = self._pickle_row_data(connection, use_labels)

        if use_pickle:
            result = pickle.loads(pickle.dumps(result))

        eq_(result, [(7, "jack"), (8, "ed"), (9, "fred")])
        if use_labels:
            eq_(result[0]._mapping["users_user_id"], 7)
            eq_(
                list(result[0]._fields),
                ["users_user_id", "users_user_name"],
            )
        else:
            eq_(result[0]._mapping["user_id"], 7)
            eq_(list(result[0]._fields), ["user_id", "user_name"])

        eq_(result[0][0], 7)

        assert_raises(
            exc.NoSuchColumnError,
            lambda: result[0]._mapping["fake key"],
        )

        # previously would warn

        if use_pickle:
            with expect_raises_message(
                exc.NoSuchColumnError,
                "Row was unpickled; lookup by ColumnElement is unsupported",
            ):
                result[0]._mapping[users.c.user_id]
        else:
            eq_(result[0]._mapping[users.c.user_id], 7)

        if use_pickle:
            with expect_raises_message(
                exc.NoSuchColumnError,
                "Row was unpickled; lookup by ColumnElement is unsupported",
            ):
                result[0]._mapping[users.c.user_name]
        else:
            eq_(result[0]._mapping[users.c.user_name], "jack")

        assert_raises(
            exc.NoSuchColumnError,
            lambda: result[0]._mapping[addresses.c.user_id],
        )

        assert_raises(
            exc.NoSuchColumnError,
            lambda: result[0]._mapping[addresses.c.address_id],
        )

    @testing.variation("use_labels", [True, False])
    def test_pickle_rows_other_process(self, connection, use_labels):
        result = self._pickle_row_data(connection, use_labels)

        f, name = mkstemp("pkl")
        with os.fdopen(f, "wb") as f:
            pickle.dump(result, f)
        name = name.replace(os.sep, "/")
        code = (
            "import sqlalchemy; import pickle; print(["
            f"r[0] for r in pickle.load(open('''{name}''', 'rb'))])"
        )
        parts = list(sys.path)
        if os.environ.get("PYTHONPATH"):
            parts.append(os.environ["PYTHONPATH"])
        pythonpath = os.pathsep.join(parts)
        proc = subprocess.run(
            [sys.executable, "-c", code],
            stdout=subprocess.PIPE,
            env={**os.environ, "PYTHONPATH": pythonpath},
        )
        exp = str([r[0] for r in result]).encode()
        eq_(proc.returncode, 0)
        eq_(proc.stdout.strip(), exp)
        os.unlink(name)

    def test_column_error_printing(self, connection):
        result = connection.execute(select(1))
        row = result.first()

        class unprintable:
            def __str__(self):
                raise ValueError("nope")

        msg = r"Could not locate column in row for column '%s'"

        for accessor, repl in [
            ("x", "x"),
            (Column("q", Integer), "q"),
            (Column("q", Integer) + 12, r"q \+ :q_1"),
            (unprintable(), "unprintable element.*"),
        ]:
            assert_raises_message(
                exc.NoSuchColumnError, msg % repl, result._getter, accessor
            )

            is_(result._getter(accessor, False), None)

            assert_raises_message(
                exc.NoSuchColumnError,
                msg % repl,
                lambda: row._mapping[accessor],
            )

    def test_fetchmany(self, connection):
        users = self.tables.users

        connection.execute(
            users.insert(),
            [{"user_id": i, "user_name": "n%d" % i} for i in range(7, 15)],
        )
        r = connection.execute(users.select())
        rows = []
        for row in r.fetchmany(size=2):
            rows.append(row)
        eq_(len(rows), 2)

    @testing.requires.arraysize
    def test_fetchmany_arraysize_default(self, connection):
        users = self.tables.users

        connection.execute(
            users.insert(),
            [{"user_id": i, "user_name": "n%d" % i} for i in range(1, 150)],
        )
        r = connection.execute(users.select())
        arraysize = r.cursor.arraysize
        rows = list(r.fetchmany())

        eq_(len(rows), min(arraysize, 150))

    @testing.requires.arraysize
    def test_fetchmany_arraysize_set(self, connection):
        users = self.tables.users

        connection.execute(
            users.insert(),
            [{"user_id": i, "user_name": "n%d" % i} for i in range(7, 15)],
        )
        r = connection.execute(users.select())
        r.cursor.arraysize = 4
        rows = list(r.fetchmany())
        eq_(len(rows), 4)

    def test_column_slices(self, connection):
        users = self.tables.users
        addresses = self.tables.addresses

        connection.execute(users.insert(), dict(user_id=1, user_name="john"))
        connection.execute(users.insert(), dict(user_id=2, user_name="jack"))
        connection.execute(
            addresses.insert(),
            dict(address_id=1, user_id=2, address="foo@bar.com"),
        )

        r = connection.execute(text("select * from addresses")).first()
        eq_(r[0:1], (1,))
        eq_(r[1:], (2, "foo@bar.com"))
        eq_(r[:-1], (1, 2))

    def test_mappings(self, connection):
        users = self.tables.users
        addresses = self.tables.addresses

        connection.execute(users.insert(), dict(user_id=1, user_name="john"))
        connection.execute(users.insert(), dict(user_id=2, user_name="jack"))
        connection.execute(
            addresses.insert(),
            dict(address_id=1, user_id=2, address="foo@bar.com"),
        )

        r = connection.execute(text("select * from addresses"))
        eq_(
            r.mappings().all(),
            [{"address_id": 1, "user_id": 2, "address": "foo@bar.com"}],
        )

    def test_column_accessor_basic_compiled_mapping(self, connection):
        users = self.tables.users

        connection.execute(
            users.insert(),
            [
                dict(user_id=1, user_name="john"),
                dict(user_id=2, user_name="jack"),
            ],
        )

        r = connection.execute(
            users.select().where(users.c.user_id == 2)
        ).first()
        eq_(r.user_id, 2)
        eq_(r._mapping["user_id"], 2)
        eq_(r._mapping[users.c.user_id], 2)

        eq_(r.user_name, "jack")
        eq_(r._mapping["user_name"], "jack")
        eq_(r._mapping[users.c.user_name], "jack")

    def test_column_accessor_basic_compiled_traditional(self, connection):
        users = self.tables.users

        connection.execute(
            users.insert(),
            [
                dict(user_id=1, user_name="john"),
                dict(user_id=2, user_name="jack"),
            ],
        )

        r = connection.execute(
            users.select().where(users.c.user_id == 2)
        ).first()

        eq_(r.user_id, 2)
        eq_(r._mapping["user_id"], 2)
        eq_(r._mapping[users.c.user_id], 2)

        eq_(r.user_name, "jack")
        eq_(r._mapping["user_name"], "jack")
        eq_(r._mapping[users.c.user_name], "jack")

    @testing.combinations(
        (select(literal_column("1").label("col1")), ("col1",)),
        (
            select(
                literal_column("1").label("col1"),
                literal_column("2").label("col2"),
            ),
            ("col1", "col2"),
        ),
        argnames="sql,cols",
    )
    def test_compiled_star_doesnt_interfere_w_description(
        self, connection, sql, cols
    ):
        """test #6665"""

        row = connection.execute(
            select("*").select_from(sql.subquery())
        ).first()
        eq_(row._fields, cols)
        eq_(row._mapping["col1"], 1)

    def test_row_getitem_string(self, connection):
        users = self.tables.users

        connection.execute(
            users.insert(),
            [
                dict(user_id=1, user_name="john"),
                dict(user_id=2, user_name="jack"),
            ],
        )

        r = connection.execute(
            text("select * from users where user_id=2")
        ).first()

        with expect_raises_message(TypeError, "tuple indices must be"):
            r["foo"]

        eq_(r._mapping["user_name"], "jack")

    def test_row_getitem_column(self, connection):
        col = literal_column("1").label("foo")

        row = connection.execute(select(col)).first()

        with expect_raises_message(TypeError, "tuple indices must be"):
            row[col]

        eq_(row._mapping[col], 1)

    def test_column_accessor_basic_text(self, connection):
        users = self.tables.users

        connection.execute(
            users.insert(),
            [
                dict(user_id=1, user_name="john"),
                dict(user_id=2, user_name="jack"),
            ],
        )
        r = connection.execute(
            text("select * from users where user_id=2")
        ).first()

        eq_(r.user_id, 2)

        eq_(r.user_name, "jack")

        eq_(r._mapping["user_id"], 2)

        eq_(r.user_name, "jack")
        eq_(r._mapping["user_name"], "jack")

        # cases which used to succeed w warning
        with expect_raises_message(
            exc.NoSuchColumnError, "Could not locate column in row"
        ):
            r._mapping[users.c.user_id]
        with expect_raises_message(
            exc.NoSuchColumnError, "Could not locate column in row"
        ):
            r._mapping[users.c.user_name]

    def test_column_accessor_text_colexplicit(self, connection):
        users = self.tables.users

        connection.execute(
            users.insert(),
            [
                dict(user_id=1, user_name="john"),
                dict(user_id=2, user_name="jack"),
            ],
        )
        r = connection.execute(
            text("select * from users where user_id=2").columns(
                users.c.user_id, users.c.user_name
            )
        ).first()

        eq_(r.user_id, 2)
        eq_(r._mapping["user_id"], 2)
        eq_(r._mapping[users.c.user_id], 2)

        eq_(r.user_name, "jack")
        eq_(r._mapping["user_name"], "jack")
        eq_(r._mapping[users.c.user_name], "jack")

    def test_column_accessor_textual_select(self, connection):
        users = self.tables.users

        connection.execute(
            users.insert(),
            [
                dict(user_id=1, user_name="john"),
                dict(user_id=2, user_name="jack"),
            ],
        )
        # this will create column() objects inside
        # the select(), these need to match on name anyway
        r = connection.execute(
            select(column("user_id"), column("user_name"))
            .select_from(table("users"))
            .where(text("user_id=2"))
        ).first()

        # keyed access works in many ways
        eq_(r.user_id, 2)
        eq_(r.user_name, "jack")
        eq_(r._mapping["user_id"], 2)
        eq_(r.user_name, "jack")
        eq_(r._mapping["user_name"], "jack")

        # error cases that previously would warn
        with expect_raises_message(
            exc.NoSuchColumnError, "Could not locate column in row"
        ):
            r._mapping[users.c.user_id]
        with expect_raises_message(
            exc.NoSuchColumnError, "Could not locate column in row"
        ):
            r._mapping[users.c.user_name]

    def test_column_accessor_dotted_union(self, connection):
        users = self.tables.users

        connection.execute(users.insert(), dict(user_id=1, user_name="john"))

        # test a little sqlite < 3.10.0 weirdness - with the UNION,
        # cols come back as "users.user_id" in cursor.description
        r = connection.execute(
            text(
                "select users.user_id, users.user_name "
                "from users "
                "UNION select users.user_id, "
                "users.user_name from users"
            )
        ).first()
        eq_(r._mapping["user_id"], 1)
        eq_(r._mapping["user_name"], "john")
        eq_(list(r._fields), ["user_id", "user_name"])

    def test_column_accessor_sqlite_raw(self, connection):
        users = self.tables.users

        connection.execute(users.insert(), dict(user_id=1, user_name="john"))

        r = connection.execute(
            text(
                "select users.user_id, users.user_name "
                "from users "
                "UNION select users.user_id, "
                "users.user_name from users",
            ).execution_options(sqlite_raw_colnames=True)
        ).first()

        if testing.against("sqlite < 3.10.0"):
            not_in("user_id", r)
            not_in("user_name", r)
            eq_(r["users.user_id"], 1)
            eq_(r["users.user_name"], "john")

            eq_(list(r._fields), ["users.user_id", "users.user_name"])
        else:
            not_in("users.user_id", r._mapping)
            not_in("users.user_name", r._mapping)
            eq_(r._mapping["user_id"], 1)
            eq_(r._mapping["user_name"], "john")

            eq_(list(r._fields), ["user_id", "user_name"])

    def test_column_accessor_sqlite_translated(self, connection):
        users = self.tables.users

        connection.execute(users.insert(), dict(user_id=1, user_name="john"))

        r = connection.execute(
            text(
                "select users.user_id, users.user_name "
                "from users "
                "UNION select users.user_id, "
                "users.user_name from users",
            )
        ).first()
        eq_(r._mapping["user_id"], 1)
        eq_(r._mapping["user_name"], "john")

        if testing.against("sqlite < 3.10.0"):
            eq_(r._mapping["users.user_id"], 1)
            eq_(r._mapping["users.user_name"], "john")
        else:
            not_in("users.user_id", r._mapping)
            not_in("users.user_name", r._mapping)

        eq_(list(r._fields), ["user_id", "user_name"])

    def test_column_accessor_labels_w_dots(self, connection):
        users = self.tables.users

        connection.execute(users.insert(), dict(user_id=1, user_name="john"))
        # test using literal tablename.colname
        r = connection.execute(
            text(
                'select users.user_id AS "users.user_id", '
                'users.user_name AS "users.user_name" '
                "from users",
            ).execution_options(sqlite_raw_colnames=True)
        ).first()
        eq_(r._mapping["users.user_id"], 1)
        eq_(r._mapping["users.user_name"], "john")
        not_in("user_name", r._mapping)
        eq_(list(r._fields), ["users.user_id", "users.user_name"])

    def test_column_accessor_unary(self, connection):
        users = self.tables.users

        connection.execute(users.insert(), dict(user_id=1, user_name="john"))

        # unary expressions
        r = connection.execute(
            select(users.c.user_name.distinct()).order_by(users.c.user_name)
        ).first()
        eq_(r._mapping[users.c.user_name], "john")
        eq_(r.user_name, "john")

    @testing.fixture
    def _ab_row_fixture(self, connection):
        r = connection.execute(
            select(literal(1).label("a"), literal(2).label("b"))
        ).first()
        return r

    def test_named_tuple_access(self, _ab_row_fixture):
        r = _ab_row_fixture
        eq_(r.a, 1)
        eq_(r.b, 2)

    def test_named_tuple_missing_attr(self, _ab_row_fixture):
        r = _ab_row_fixture
        with expect_raises_message(
            AttributeError, "Could not locate column in row for column 'c'"
        ):
            r.c

    def test_named_tuple_no_delete_present(self, _ab_row_fixture):
        r = _ab_row_fixture
        with expect_raises_message(AttributeError, "can't delete attribute"):
            del r.a

    def test_named_tuple_no_delete_missing(self, _ab_row_fixture):
        r = _ab_row_fixture
        # including for non-existent attributes
        with expect_raises_message(AttributeError, "can't delete attribute"):
            del r.c

    def test_named_tuple_no_assign_present(self, _ab_row_fixture):
        r = _ab_row_fixture
        with expect_raises_message(AttributeError, "can't set attribute"):
            r.a = 5

        with expect_raises_message(AttributeError, "can't set attribute"):
            r.a += 5

    def test_named_tuple_no_assign_missing(self, _ab_row_fixture):
        r = _ab_row_fixture
        # including for non-existent attributes
        with expect_raises_message(AttributeError, "can't set attribute"):
            r.c = 5

    def test_named_tuple_no_self_assign_missing(self, _ab_row_fixture):
        r = _ab_row_fixture
        with expect_raises_message(
            AttributeError, "Could not locate column in row for column 'c'"
        ):
            r.c += 5

    def test_mapping_tuple_readonly_errors(self, connection):
        r = connection.execute(
            select(literal(1).label("a"), literal(2).label("b"))
        ).first()
        r = r._mapping
        eq_(r["a"], 1)
        eq_(r["b"], 2)

        with expect_raises_message(
            KeyError, "Could not locate column in row for column 'c'"
        ):
            r["c"]

        with expect_raises_message(
            TypeError, "'RowMapping' object does not support item assignment"
        ):
            r["a"] = 5

        with expect_raises_message(
            TypeError, "'RowMapping' object does not support item assignment"
        ):
            r["a"] += 5

    def test_column_accessor_err(self, connection):
        r = connection.execute(select(1)).first()
        with expect_raises_message(
            AttributeError, "Could not locate column in row for column 'foo'"
        ):
            r.foo
        with expect_raises_message(
            KeyError, "Could not locate column in row for column 'foo'"
        ):
            r._mapping["foo"],

    def test_graceful_fetch_on_non_rows(self):
        """test that calling fetchone() etc. on a result that doesn't
        return rows fails gracefully.

        """

        # these proxies don't work with no cursor.description present.
        # so they don't apply to this test at the moment.
        # result.FullyBufferedCursorResult,
        # result.BufferedRowCursorResult,
        # result.BufferedColumnCursorResult

        users = self.tables.users

        with testing.db.connect() as conn:
            keys_lambda = lambda r: r.keys()  # noqa: E731

            for meth in [
                lambda r: r.fetchone(),
                lambda r: r.fetchall(),
                lambda r: r.first(),
                lambda r: r.scalar(),
                lambda r: r.fetchmany(),
                lambda r: r._getter("user"),
                keys_lambda,
                lambda r: r.columns("user"),
                lambda r: r.cursor_strategy.fetchone(r, r.cursor),
            ]:
                trans = conn.begin()
                result = conn.execute(users.insert(), dict(user_id=1))

                assert_raises_message(
                    exc.ResourceClosedError,
                    "This result object does not return rows. "
                    "It has been closed automatically.",
                    meth,
                    result,
                )
                trans.rollback()

    def test_fetchone_til_end(self, connection):
        result = connection.exec_driver_sql("select * from users")
        eq_(result.fetchone(), None)
        eq_(result.fetchone(), None)
        eq_(result.fetchone(), None)
        result.close()
        assert_raises_message(
            exc.ResourceClosedError,
            "This result object is closed.",
            result.fetchone,
        )

    def test_row_case_sensitive(self, connection):
        row = connection.execute(
            select(
                literal_column("1").label("case_insensitive"),
                literal_column("2").label("CaseSensitive"),
            )
        ).first()

        eq_(list(row._fields), ["case_insensitive", "CaseSensitive"])

        in_("case_insensitive", row._parent._keymap)
        in_("CaseSensitive", row._parent._keymap)
        not_in("casesensitive", row._parent._keymap)

        eq_(row._mapping["case_insensitive"], 1)
        eq_(row._mapping["CaseSensitive"], 2)

        assert_raises(KeyError, lambda: row._mapping["Case_insensitive"])
        assert_raises(KeyError, lambda: row._mapping["casesensitive"])

    def test_row_case_sensitive_unoptimized(self, testing_engine):
        with testing_engine().connect() as ins_conn:
            row = ins_conn.execute(
                select(
                    literal_column("1").label("case_insensitive"),
                    literal_column("2").label("CaseSensitive"),
                    text("3 AS screw_up_the_cols"),
                )
            ).first()

            eq_(
                list(row._fields),
                ["case_insensitive", "CaseSensitive", "screw_up_the_cols"],
            )

            in_("case_insensitive", row._parent._keymap)
            in_("CaseSensitive", row._parent._keymap)
            not_in("casesensitive", row._parent._keymap)

            eq_(row._mapping["case_insensitive"], 1)
            eq_(row._mapping["CaseSensitive"], 2)
            eq_(row._mapping["screw_up_the_cols"], 3)

            assert_raises(KeyError, lambda: row._mapping["Case_insensitive"])
            assert_raises(KeyError, lambda: row._mapping["casesensitive"])
            assert_raises(KeyError, lambda: row._mapping["screw_UP_the_cols"])

    def test_row_as_args(self, connection):
        users = self.tables.users

        connection.execute(users.insert(), dict(user_id=1, user_name="john"))
        r = connection.execute(
            users.select().where(users.c.user_id == 1)
        ).first()
        connection.execute(users.delete())
        connection.execute(users.insert(), r._mapping)
        eq_(connection.execute(users.select()).fetchall(), [(1, "john")])

    @testing.requires.tuple_in
    def test_row_tuple_interpretation(self, connection):
        """test #7292"""
        users = self.tables.users

        connection.execute(
            users.insert(),
            [
                dict(user_id=1, user_name="u1"),
                dict(user_id=2, user_name="u2"),
                dict(user_id=3, user_name="u3"),
            ],
        )
        rows = connection.execute(
            select(users.c.user_id, users.c.user_name)
        ).all()

        # was previously needed
        # rows = [(x, y) for x, y in rows]

        new_stmt = (
            select(users)
            .where(tuple_(users.c.user_id, users.c.user_name).in_(rows))
            .order_by(users.c.user_id)
        )

        eq_(
            connection.execute(new_stmt).all(),
            [(1, "u1"), (2, "u2"), (3, "u3")],
        )

    def test_result_as_args(self, connection):
        users = self.tables.users
        users2 = self.tables.users2

        connection.execute(
            users.insert(),
            [
                dict(user_id=1, user_name="john"),
                dict(user_id=2, user_name="ed"),
            ],
        )
        r = connection.execute(users.select())
        connection.execute(users2.insert(), [row._mapping for row in r])
        eq_(
            connection.execute(
                users2.select().order_by(users2.c.user_id)
            ).fetchall(),
            [(1, "john"), (2, "ed")],
        )

        connection.execute(users2.delete())
        r = connection.execute(users.select())
        connection.execute(users2.insert(), [row._mapping for row in r])
        eq_(
            connection.execute(
                users2.select().order_by(users2.c.user_id)
            ).fetchall(),
            [(1, "john"), (2, "ed")],
        )

    @testing.requires.duplicate_names_in_cursor_description
    def test_ambiguous_column(self, connection):
        users = self.tables.users
        addresses = self.tables.addresses

        connection.execute(users.insert(), dict(user_id=1, user_name="john"))
        result = connection.execute(
            users.outerjoin(addresses)
            .select()
            .set_label_style(LABEL_STYLE_NONE)
        )
        r = result.first()

        assert_raises_message(
            exc.InvalidRequestError,
            "Ambiguous column name",
            lambda: r._mapping["user_id"],
        )

        assert_raises_message(
            exc.InvalidRequestError,
            "Ambiguous column name",
            result._getter,
            "user_id",
        )

        # pure positional targeting; users.c.user_id
        # and addresses.c.user_id are known!
        # works as of 1.1 issue #3501
        eq_(r._mapping[users.c.user_id], 1)
        eq_(r._mapping[addresses.c.user_id], None)

        # try to trick it - fake_table isn't in the result!
        # we get the correct error
        fake_table = Table("fake", MetaData(), Column("user_id", Integer))
        assert_raises_message(
            exc.InvalidRequestError,
            "Could not locate column in row for column 'fake.user_id'",
            lambda: r._mapping[fake_table.c.user_id],
        )

        r = pickle.loads(pickle.dumps(r))
        assert_raises_message(
            exc.InvalidRequestError,
            "Ambiguous column name",
            lambda: r._mapping["user_id"],
        )

    @testing.requires.duplicate_names_in_cursor_description
    def test_ambiguous_column_by_col(self, connection):
        users = self.tables.users

        connection.execute(users.insert(), dict(user_id=1, user_name="john"))
        ua = users.alias()
        u2 = users.alias()
        result = connection.execute(
            select(users.c.user_id, ua.c.user_id)
            .select_from(users.join(ua, true()))
            .set_label_style(LABEL_STYLE_NONE)
        )
        row = result.first()

        # as of 1.1 issue #3501, we use pure positional
        # targeting for the column objects here
        eq_(row._mapping[users.c.user_id], 1)

        eq_(row._mapping[ua.c.user_id], 1)

        # this now works as of 1.1 issue #3501;
        # previously this was stuck on "ambiguous column name"
        assert_raises_message(
            exc.InvalidRequestError,
            "Could not locate column in row",
            lambda: row._mapping[u2.c.user_id],
        )

    @testing.requires.duplicate_names_in_cursor_description
    def test_ambiguous_column_contains(self, connection):
        users = self.tables.users
        addresses = self.tables.addresses

        # ticket 2702.  in 0.7 we'd get True, False.
        # in 0.8, both columns are present so it's True;
        # but when they're fetched you'll get the ambiguous error.
        connection.execute(users.insert(), dict(user_id=1, user_name="john"))
        result = connection.execute(
            select(users.c.user_id, addresses.c.user_id).select_from(
                users.outerjoin(addresses)
            )
        )
        row = result.first()

        eq_(
            {
                users.c.user_id in row._mapping,
                addresses.c.user_id in row._mapping,
            },
            {True},
        )

    @testing.combinations(
        (("name_label", "*"), False),
        (("*", "name_label"), False),
        (("user_id", "name_label", "user_name"), False),
        (("user_id", "name_label", "*", "user_name"), True),
        argnames="cols,other_cols_are_ambiguous",
    )
    @testing.requires.select_star_mixed
    def test_label_against_star(
        self, connection, cols, other_cols_are_ambiguous
    ):
        """test #8536"""
        users = self.tables.users

        connection.execute(users.insert(), dict(user_id=1, user_name="john"))

        stmt = select(
            *[
                (
                    text("*")
                    if colname == "*"
                    else (
                        users.c.user_name.label("name_label")
                        if colname == "name_label"
                        else users.c[colname]
                    )
                )
                for colname in cols
            ]
        )

        row = connection.execute(stmt).first()

        eq_(row._mapping["name_label"], "john")

        if other_cols_are_ambiguous:
            with expect_raises_message(
                exc.InvalidRequestError, "Ambiguous column name"
            ):
                row._mapping["user_id"]
            with expect_raises_message(
                exc.InvalidRequestError, "Ambiguous column name"
            ):
                row._mapping["user_name"]
        else:
            eq_(row._mapping["user_id"], 1)
            eq_(row._mapping["user_name"], "john")

    def test_loose_matching_one(self, connection):
        users = self.tables.users
        addresses = self.tables.addresses

        connection.execute(users.insert(), {"user_id": 1, "user_name": "john"})
        connection.execute(
            addresses.insert(),
            {"address_id": 1, "user_id": 1, "address": "email"},
        )

        # use some column labels in the SELECT
        result = connection.execute(
            TextualSelect(
                text(
                    "select users.user_name AS users_user_name, "
                    "users.user_id AS user_id, "
                    "addresses.address_id AS address_id "
                    "FROM users JOIN addresses "
                    "ON users.user_id = addresses.user_id "
                    "WHERE users.user_id=1 "
                ),
                [users.c.user_id, users.c.user_name, addresses.c.address_id],
                positional=False,
            )
        )
        row = result.first()
        eq_(row._mapping[users.c.user_id], 1)
        eq_(row._mapping[users.c.user_name], "john")

    def test_loose_matching_two(self, connection):
        users = self.tables.users
        addresses = self.tables.addresses

        connection.execute(users.insert(), {"user_id": 1, "user_name": "john"})
        connection.execute(
            addresses.insert(),
            {"address_id": 1, "user_id": 1, "address": "email"},
        )

        # use some column labels in the SELECT
        result = connection.execute(
            TextualSelect(
                text(
                    "select users.user_name AS users_user_name, "
                    "users.user_id AS user_id, "
                    "addresses.user_id "
                    "FROM users JOIN addresses "
                    "ON users.user_id = addresses.user_id "
                    "WHERE users.user_id=1 "
                ),
                [users.c.user_id, users.c.user_name, addresses.c.user_id],
                positional=False,
            )
        )
        row = result.first()

        assert_raises_message(
            exc.InvalidRequestError,
            "Ambiguous column name",
            lambda: row._mapping[users.c.user_id],
        )
        assert_raises_message(
            exc.InvalidRequestError,
            "Ambiguous column name",
            lambda: row._mapping[addresses.c.user_id],
        )
        eq_(row._mapping[users.c.user_name], "john")

    def test_ambiguous_column_by_col_plus_label(self, connection):
        users = self.tables.users

        connection.execute(users.insert(), dict(user_id=1, user_name="john"))
        result = connection.execute(
            select(
                users.c.user_id,
                type_coerce(users.c.user_id, Integer).label("foo"),
            )
        )
        row = result.first()
        eq_(row._mapping[users.c.user_id], 1)
        eq_(row[1], 1)

    def test_fetch_partial_result_map(self, connection):
        users = self.tables.users

        connection.execute(users.insert(), dict(user_id=7, user_name="ed"))

        t = text("select * from users").columns(user_name=String())
        eq_(connection.execute(t).fetchall(), [(7, "ed")])

    def test_fetch_unordered_result_map(self, connection):
        users = self.tables.users

        connection.execute(users.insert(), dict(user_id=7, user_name="ed"))

        class Goofy1(TypeDecorator):
            impl = String
            cache_ok = True

            def process_result_value(self, value, dialect):
                return value + "a"

        class Goofy2(TypeDecorator):
            impl = String
            cache_ok = True

            def process_result_value(self, value, dialect):
                return value + "b"

        class Goofy3(TypeDecorator):
            impl = String
            cache_ok = True

            def process_result_value(self, value, dialect):
                return value + "c"

        t = text(
            "select user_name as a, user_name as b, "
            "user_name as c from users"
        ).columns(a=Goofy1(), b=Goofy2(), c=Goofy3())
        eq_(connection.execute(t).fetchall(), [("eda", "edb", "edc")])

    @testing.requires.subqueries
    def test_column_label_targeting(self, connection):
        users = self.tables.users

        connection.execute(users.insert(), dict(user_id=7, user_name="ed"))

        for s in (
            users.select().alias("foo"),
            users.select().alias(users.name),
        ):
            row = connection.execute(
                s.select().set_label_style(LABEL_STYLE_TABLENAME_PLUS_COL)
            ).first()
            eq_(row._mapping[s.c.user_id], 7)
            eq_(row._mapping[s.c.user_name], "ed")

    def test_ro_mapping_py3k(self, connection):
        users = self.tables.users

        connection.execute(users.insert(), dict(user_id=1, user_name="foo"))
        result = connection.execute(users.select())

        row = result.first()
        dict_row = row._asdict()

        # dictionaries aren't ordered in Python 3 until 3.7
        odict_row = collections.OrderedDict(
            [("user_id", 1), ("user_name", "foo")]
        )
        eq_(dict_row, odict_row)

        mapping_row = row._mapping

        eq_(list(mapping_row), list(mapping_row.keys()))
        eq_(odict_row.keys(), mapping_row.keys())
        eq_(odict_row.values(), mapping_row.values())
        eq_(odict_row.items(), mapping_row.items())

    @testing.combinations(
        (lambda result: result),
        (lambda result: result.first(),),
        (lambda result: result.first()._mapping),
        argnames="get_object",
    )
    def test_keys(self, connection, get_object):
        users = self.tables.users
        addresses = self.tables.addresses

        connection.execute(users.insert(), dict(user_id=1, user_name="foo"))
        result = connection.execute(users.select())

        obj = get_object(result)

        if isinstance(obj, Row):
            keys = obj._mapping.keys()
        else:
            keys = obj.keys()

        # in 1.4, keys() is now a view that includes support for testing
        # of columns and other objects
        eq_(len(keys), 2)
        eq_(list(keys), ["user_id", "user_name"])
        eq_(keys, ["user_id", "user_name"])
        ne_(keys, ["user_name", "user_id"])
        in_("user_id", keys)
        not_in("foo", keys)
        in_(users.c.user_id, keys)
        not_in(0, keys)
        not_in(addresses.c.user_id, keys)
        not_in(addresses.c.address, keys)

        if isinstance(obj, Row):
            eq_(obj._fields, ("user_id", "user_name"))

    def test_row_mapping_keys(self, connection):
        users = self.tables.users

        connection.execute(users.insert(), dict(user_id=1, user_name="foo"))
        result = connection.execute(users.select())
        eq_(result.keys(), ["user_id", "user_name"])
        row = result.first()
        eq_(list(row._mapping.keys()), ["user_id", "user_name"])
        eq_(row._fields, ("user_id", "user_name"))

        in_("user_id", row._fields)
        not_in("foo", row._fields)
        in_(users.c.user_id, row._mapping.keys())

    def test_row_keys_legacy_dont_warn(self, connection):
        users = self.tables.users

        connection.execute(users.insert(), dict(user_id=1, user_name="foo"))
        result = connection.execute(users.select())
        row = result.first()

        eq_(dict(row._mapping), {"user_id": 1, "user_name": "foo"})

        eq_(row._fields, ("user_id", "user_name"))

    def test_row_namedtuple_legacy_ok(self, connection):
        users = self.tables.users

        connection.execute(users.insert(), dict(user_id=1, user_name="foo"))
        result = connection.execute(users.select())
        row = result.first()
        eq_(row.user_id, 1)
        eq_(row.user_name, "foo")

    def test_keys_anon_labels(self, connection):
        """test [ticket:3483]"""

        users = self.tables.users

        connection.execute(users.insert(), dict(user_id=1, user_name="foo"))
        result = connection.execute(
            select(
                users.c.user_id,
                users.c.user_name.label(None),
                func.count(literal_column("1")),
            ).group_by(users.c.user_id, users.c.user_name)
        )

        eq_(result.keys(), ["user_id", "user_name_1", "count_1"])
        row = result.first()
        eq_(row._fields, ("user_id", "user_name_1", "count_1"))
        eq_(list(row._mapping.keys()), ["user_id", "user_name_1", "count_1"])

    def test_items(self, connection):
        users = self.tables.users

        connection.execute(users.insert(), dict(user_id=1, user_name="foo"))
        r = connection.execute(users.select()).first()
        eq_(
            [(x[0].lower(), x[1]) for x in list(r._mapping.items())],
            [("user_id", 1), ("user_name", "foo")],
        )

    def test_len(self, connection):
        users = self.tables.users

        connection.execute(users.insert(), dict(user_id=1, user_name="foo"))
        r = connection.execute(users.select()).first()
        eq_(len(r), 2)

        r = connection.exec_driver_sql(
            "select user_name, user_id from users"
        ).first()
        eq_(len(r), 2)
        r = connection.exec_driver_sql("select user_name from users").first()
        eq_(len(r), 1)

    def test_row_mapping_get(self, connection):
        users = self.tables.users

        connection.execute(users.insert(), dict(user_id=1, user_name="foo"))
        result = connection.execute(users.select())
        row = result.first()
        eq_(row._mapping.get("user_id"), 1)
        eq_(row._mapping.get(users.c.user_id), 1)

    def test_sorting_in_python(self, connection):
        users = self.tables.users

        connection.execute(
            users.insert(),
            [
                dict(user_id=1, user_name="foo"),
                dict(user_id=2, user_name="bar"),
                dict(user_id=3, user_name="def"),
            ],
        )

        rows = connection.execute(
            users.select().order_by(users.c.user_name)
        ).fetchall()

        eq_(rows, [(2, "bar"), (3, "def"), (1, "foo")])

        eq_(sorted(rows), [(1, "foo"), (2, "bar"), (3, "def")])

    def test_column_order_with_simple_query(self, connection):
        # should return values in column definition order
        users = self.tables.users

        connection.execute(users.insert(), dict(user_id=1, user_name="foo"))
        r = connection.execute(
            users.select().where(users.c.user_id == 1)
        ).first()
        eq_(r[0], 1)
        eq_(r[1], "foo")
        eq_([x.lower() for x in r._fields], ["user_id", "user_name"])
        eq_(list(r._mapping.values()), [1, "foo"])

    def test_column_order_with_text_query(self, connection):
        # should return values in query order
        users = self.tables.users

        connection.execute(users.insert(), dict(user_id=1, user_name="foo"))

        r = connection.exec_driver_sql(
            "select user_name, user_id from users"
        ).first()
        eq_(r[0], "foo")
        eq_(r[1], 1)
        eq_([x.lower() for x in r._fields], ["user_name", "user_id"])
        eq_(list(r._mapping.values()), ["foo", 1])

    @testing.crashes("oracle", "FIXME: unknown, verify not fails_on()")
    @testing.provide_metadata
    def test_column_accessor_shadow(self, connection):
        shadowed = Table(
            "test_shadowed",
            self.metadata,
            Column("shadow_id", INT, primary_key=True),
            Column("shadow_name", VARCHAR(20)),
            Column("parent", VARCHAR(20)),
            Column("row", VARCHAR(40)),
            Column("_parent", VARCHAR(20)),
            Column("_row", VARCHAR(20)),
        )
        self.metadata.create_all(connection)
        connection.execute(
            shadowed.insert(),
            dict(
                shadow_id=1,
                shadow_name="The Shadow",
                parent="The Light",
                row="Without light there is no shadow",
                _parent="Hidden parent",
                _row="Hidden row",
            ),
        )
        r = connection.execute(
            shadowed.select().where(shadowed.c.shadow_id == 1)
        ).first()

        eq_(r.shadow_id, 1)
        eq_(r._mapping["shadow_id"], 1)
        eq_(r._mapping[shadowed.c.shadow_id], 1)

        eq_(r.shadow_name, "The Shadow")
        eq_(r._mapping["shadow_name"], "The Shadow")
        eq_(r._mapping[shadowed.c.shadow_name], "The Shadow")

        eq_(r.parent, "The Light")
        eq_(r._mapping["parent"], "The Light")
        eq_(r._mapping[shadowed.c.parent], "The Light")

        eq_(r.row, "Without light there is no shadow")
        eq_(r._mapping["row"], "Without light there is no shadow")
        eq_(r._mapping[shadowed.c.row], "Without light there is no shadow")

        eq_(r._mapping["_parent"], "Hidden parent")
        eq_(r._mapping["_row"], "Hidden row")

    def test_nontuple_row(self):
        """ensure the C version of BaseRow handles
        duck-type-dependent rows.


        As of 1.4 they are converted internally to tuples in any case.

        """

        class MyList:
            def __init__(self, data):
                self.internal_list = data

            def __len__(self):
                return len(self.internal_list)

            def __getitem__(self, i):
                return list.__getitem__(self.internal_list, i)

        parent = SimpleResultMetaData(["key"])
        proxy = Row(parent, [None], parent._key_to_index, MyList(["value"]))
        eq_(list(proxy), ["value"])
        eq_(proxy[0], "value")
        eq_(proxy.key, "value")
        eq_(proxy._mapping["key"], "value")

    @contextmanager
    def cursor_wrapper(self, engine):
        calls = defaultdict(int)

        class CursorWrapper:
            def __init__(self, real_cursor):
                self.real_cursor = real_cursor

            def __getattr__(self, name):
                calls[name] += 1
                return getattr(self.real_cursor, name)

        create_cursor = engine.dialect.execution_ctx_cls.create_cursor

        def new_create(context):
            cursor = create_cursor(context)
            return CursorWrapper(cursor)

        with patch.object(
            engine.dialect.execution_ctx_cls, "create_cursor", new_create
        ):
            yield calls

    def test_no_rowcount_on_selects_inserts(self, metadata, testing_engine):
        """assert that rowcount is only called on deletes and updates.

        This because cursor.rowcount may can be expensive on some dialects
        such as Firebird, however many dialects require it be called
        before the cursor is closed.

        """

        engine = testing_engine()

        req = testing.requires

        t = Table("t1", metadata, Column("data", String(10)))
        metadata.create_all(engine)
        count = 0
        with self.cursor_wrapper(engine) as call_counts:
            with engine.begin() as conn:
                conn.execute(
                    t.insert(),
                    [{"data": "d1"}, {"data": "d2"}, {"data": "d3"}],
                )
                if (
                    req.rowcount_always_cached.enabled
                    or req.rowcount_always_cached_on_insert.enabled
                ):
                    count += 1
                eq_(call_counts["rowcount"], count)

                eq_(
                    conn.execute(t.select()).fetchall(),
                    [("d1",), ("d2",), ("d3",)],
                )
                if req.rowcount_always_cached.enabled:
                    count += 1
                eq_(call_counts["rowcount"], count)

                conn.execute(t.update(), {"data": "d4"})

                count += 1
                eq_(call_counts["rowcount"], count)

                conn.execute(t.delete())
                count += 1
                eq_(call_counts["rowcount"], count)

    def test_rowcount_always_called_when_preserve_rowcount(
        self, metadata, testing_engine
    ):
        """assert that rowcount is called on any statement when
        ``preserve_rowcount=True``.

        """

        engine = testing_engine()

        t = Table("t1", metadata, Column("data", String(10)))
        metadata.create_all(engine)

        with self.cursor_wrapper(engine) as call_counts:
            with engine.begin() as conn:
                conn = conn.execution_options(preserve_rowcount=True)
                # Do not use insertmanyvalues on any driver
                conn.execute(t.insert(), {"data": "d1"})

                eq_(call_counts["rowcount"], 1)

                eq_(conn.execute(t.select()).fetchall(), [("d1",)])
                eq_(call_counts["rowcount"], 2)

                conn.execute(t.update(), {"data": "d4"})

                eq_(call_counts["rowcount"], 3)

                conn.execute(t.delete())
                eq_(call_counts["rowcount"], 4)

    def test_row_is_sequence(self):
        row = Row(object(), [None], {}, ["value"])
        is_true(isinstance(row, collections_abc.Sequence))

    def test_row_special_names(self):
        metadata = SimpleResultMetaData(["key", "count", "index", "foo"])
        row = Row(
            metadata,
            [None, None, None, None],
            metadata._key_to_index,
            ["kv", "cv", "iv", "f"],
        )
        is_true(isinstance(row, collections_abc.Sequence))

        eq_(row.key, "kv")
        eq_(row.count, "cv")
        eq_(row.index, "iv")

        eq_(row._mapping["foo"], "f")
        eq_(row._mapping["count"], "cv")
        eq_(row._mapping["index"], "iv")

        metadata = SimpleResultMetaData(["key", "q", "p"])

        row = Row(
            metadata,
            [None, None, None],
            metadata._key_to_index,
            ["kv", "cv", "iv"],
        )
        is_true(isinstance(row, collections_abc.Sequence))

        eq_(row.key, "kv")
        eq_(row.q, "cv")
        eq_(row.p, "iv")
        eq_(row.index("cv"), 1)
        eq_(row.count("cv"), 1)
        eq_(row.count("x"), 0)

    def test_new_row_no_dict_behaviors(self):
        """This mode is not used currently but will be once we are in 2.0."""
        metadata = SimpleResultMetaData(["a", "b", "count"])
        row = Row(
            metadata,
            [None, None, None],
            metadata._key_to_index,
            ["av", "bv", "cv"],
        )

        eq_(dict(row._mapping), {"a": "av", "b": "bv", "count": "cv"})

        with assertions.expect_raises(
            TypeError,
            "tuple indices must be integers or slices, not str",
        ):
            eq_(row["a"], "av")

        with assertions.expect_raises_message(
            TypeError,
            "tuple indices must be integers or slices, not str",
        ):
            eq_(row["count"], "cv")

        eq_(list(row._mapping), ["a", "b", "count"])

    def test_row_is_hashable(self):
        row = Row(object(), [None, None, None], {}, (1, "value", "foo"))
        eq_(hash(row), hash((1, "value", "foo")))

    @testing.provide_metadata
    def test_row_getitem_indexes_compiled(self, connection):
        values = Table(
            "rp",
            self.metadata,
            Column("key", String(10), primary_key=True),
            Column("value", String(10)),
        )
        values.create(connection)

        connection.execute(values.insert(), dict(key="One", value="Uno"))
        row = connection.execute(values.select()).first()
        eq_(row._mapping["key"], "One")
        eq_(row._mapping["value"], "Uno")
        eq_(row[0], "One")
        eq_(row[1], "Uno")
        eq_(row[-2], "One")
        eq_(row[-1], "Uno")
        eq_(row[1:0:-1], ("Uno",))

    @testing.only_on("sqlite")
    def test_row_getitem_indexes_raw(self, connection):
        row = connection.exec_driver_sql(
            "select 'One' as key, 'Uno' as value"
        ).first()
        eq_(row._mapping["key"], "One")
        eq_(row._mapping["value"], "Uno")
        eq_(row[0], "One")
        eq_(row[1], "Uno")
        eq_(row[-2], "One")
        eq_(row[-1], "Uno")
        eq_(row[1:0:-1], ("Uno",))

    @testing.requires.cextensions
    @testing.provide_metadata
    def test_row_c_sequence_check(self, connection):
        users = self.tables.users2

        connection.execute(users.insert(), dict(user_id=1, user_name="Test"))
        row = connection.execute(
            users.select().where(users.c.user_id == 1)
        ).fetchone()

        s = StringIO()
        writer = csv.writer(s)
        # csv performs PySequenceCheck call
        writer.writerow(row)
        assert s.getvalue().strip() == "1,Test"

    @testing.requires.selectone
    def test_empty_accessors(self, connection):
        statements = [
            (
                "select 1",
                [
                    lambda r: r.last_inserted_params(),
                    lambda r: r.last_updated_params(),
                    lambda r: r.prefetch_cols(),
                    lambda r: r.postfetch_cols(),
                    lambda r: r.inserted_primary_key,
                ],
                "Statement is not a compiled expression construct.",
            ),
            (
                select(1),
                [
                    lambda r: r.last_inserted_params(),
                    lambda r: r.inserted_primary_key,
                ],
                r"Statement is not an insert\(\) expression construct.",
            ),
            (
                select(1),
                [lambda r: r.last_updated_params()],
                r"Statement is not an update\(\) expression construct.",
            ),
            (
                select(1),
                [lambda r: r.prefetch_cols(), lambda r: r.postfetch_cols()],
                r"Statement is not an insert\(\) "
                r"or update\(\) expression construct.",
            ),
        ]

        for stmt, meths, msg in statements:
            if isinstance(stmt, str):
                r = connection.exec_driver_sql(stmt)
            else:
                r = connection.execute(stmt)
            try:
                for meth in meths:
                    assert_raises_message(
                        sa_exc.InvalidRequestError, msg, meth, r
                    )

            finally:
                r.close()

    @testing.requires.dbapi_lastrowid
    def test_lastrowid(self, connection):
        users = self.tables.users

        r = connection.execute(
            users.insert(), dict(user_id=1, user_name="Test")
        )
        eq_(r.lastrowid, r.context.get_lastrowid())

    def test_raise_errors(self, connection):
        users = self.tables.users

        class Wrapper:
            def __init__(self, context):
                self.context = context

            def __getattr__(self, name):
                if name in ("rowcount", "get_lastrowid"):
                    raise Exception("canary")
                return getattr(self.context, name)

        r = connection.execute(
            users.insert(), dict(user_id=1, user_name="Test")
        )
        r.context = Wrapper(r.context)
        with expect_raises_message(Exception, "canary"):
            r.rowcount
        with expect_raises_message(Exception, "canary"):
            r.lastrowid

    @testing.combinations("plain", "mapping", "scalar", argnames="result_type")
    @testing.combinations(
        "stream_results", "yield_per", "yield_per_meth", argnames="optname"
    )
    @testing.combinations(10, 50, argnames="value")
    @testing.combinations(
        "meth", "passed_in", "stmt", argnames="send_opts_how"
    )
    def test_stream_options(
        self,
        connection,
        optname,
        value,
        send_opts_how,
        result_type,
        close_result_when_finished,
    ):
        table = self.tables.test

        connection.execute(
            table.insert(),
            [{"x": i, "y": "t_%d" % i} for i in range(15, 3000)],
        )

        if optname == "stream_results":
            opts = {"stream_results": True, "max_row_buffer": value}
        elif optname == "yield_per":
            opts = {"yield_per": value}
        elif optname == "yield_per_meth":
            opts = {"stream_results": True}
        else:
            assert False

        if send_opts_how == "meth":
            result = connection.execution_options(**opts).execute(
                table.select()
            )
        elif send_opts_how == "passed_in":
            result = connection.execute(table.select(), execution_options=opts)
        elif send_opts_how == "stmt":
            result = connection.execute(
                table.select().execution_options(**opts)
            )
        else:
            assert False

        if result_type == "mapping":
            result = result.mappings()
            real_result = result._real_result
        elif result_type == "scalar":
            result = result.scalars()
            real_result = result._real_result
        else:
            real_result = result

        if optname == "yield_per_meth":
            result = result.yield_per(value)

        if result_type == "mapping" or result_type == "scalar":
            real_result = result._real_result
        else:
            real_result = result

        close_result_when_finished(result, consume=True)

        if optname == "yield_per" and value is not None:
            expected_opt = {
                "stream_results": True,
                "max_row_buffer": value,
                "yield_per": value,
            }
        elif optname == "stream_results" and value is not None:
            expected_opt = {
                "stream_results": True,
                "max_row_buffer": value,
            }
        else:
            expected_opt = None

        if expected_opt is not None:
            eq_(real_result.context.execution_options, expected_opt)

        if value is None:
            assert isinstance(
                real_result.cursor_strategy, _cursor.CursorFetchStrategy
            )
            return

        assert isinstance(
            real_result.cursor_strategy, _cursor.BufferedRowCursorFetchStrategy
        )
        eq_(real_result.cursor_strategy._max_row_buffer, value)

        if optname == "yield_per" or optname == "yield_per_meth":
            eq_(real_result.cursor_strategy._bufsize, value)
        else:
            eq_(real_result.cursor_strategy._bufsize, min(value, 5))
        eq_(len(real_result.cursor_strategy._rowbuffer), 1)

        next(result)
        next(result)

        if optname == "yield_per" or optname == "yield_per_meth":
            eq_(len(real_result.cursor_strategy._rowbuffer), value - 1)
        else:
            # based on default growth of 5
            eq_(len(real_result.cursor_strategy._rowbuffer), 4)

        for i, row in enumerate(result):
            if i == 186:
                break

        if optname == "yield_per" or optname == "yield_per_meth":
            eq_(
                len(real_result.cursor_strategy._rowbuffer),
                value - (188 % value),
            )
        else:
            # based on default growth of 5
            eq_(
                len(real_result.cursor_strategy._rowbuffer),
                7 if value == 10 else 42,
            )

        if optname == "yield_per" or optname == "yield_per_meth":
            # ensure partition is set up to same size
            partition = next(result.partitions())
            eq_(len(partition), value)

    @testing.fixture
    def autoclose_row_fixture(self, connection):
        users = self.tables.users
        connection.execute(
            users.insert(),
            [
                {"user_id": 1, "name": "u1"},
                {"user_id": 2, "name": "u2"},
                {"user_id": 3, "name": "u3"},
                {"user_id": 4, "name": "u4"},
                {"user_id": 5, "name": "u5"},
            ],
        )

    @testing.fixture(params=["plain", "scalars", "mapping"])
    def result_fixture(self, request, connection):
        users = self.tables.users

        result_type = request.param

        if result_type == "plain":
            result = connection.execute(select(users))
        elif result_type == "scalars":
            result = connection.scalars(select(users))
        elif result_type == "mapping":
            result = connection.execute(select(users)).mappings()
        else:
            assert False

        return result

    def test_results_can_close(self, autoclose_row_fixture, result_fixture):
        """test #8710"""

        r1 = result_fixture

        is_false(r1.closed)
        is_false(r1._soft_closed)

        r1._soft_close()
        is_false(r1.closed)
        is_true(r1._soft_closed)

        r1.close()
        is_true(r1.closed)
        is_true(r1._soft_closed)

    def test_autoclose_rows_exhausted_plain(
        self, connection, autoclose_row_fixture, result_fixture
    ):
        result = result_fixture

        assert not result._soft_closed
        assert not result.closed

        read_iterator = list(result)
        eq_(len(read_iterator), 5)

        assert result._soft_closed
        assert not result.closed

        result.close()
        assert result.closed

    def test_result_ctxmanager(
        self, connection, autoclose_row_fixture, result_fixture
    ):
        """test #8710"""

        result = result_fixture

        with expect_raises_message(Exception, "hi"):
            with result:
                assert not result._soft_closed
                assert not result.closed

                for i, obj in enumerate(result):
                    if i > 2:
                        raise Exception("hi")

        assert result._soft_closed
        assert result.closed


class KeyTargetingTest(fixtures.TablesTest):
    run_inserts = "once"
    run_deletes = None
    __sparse_driver_backend__ = True

    @classmethod
    def define_tables(cls, metadata):
        Table(
            "keyed1",
            metadata,
            Column("a", CHAR(2), key="b"),
            Column("c", CHAR(2), key="q"),
        )
        Table("keyed2", metadata, Column("a", CHAR(2)), Column("b", CHAR(2)))
        Table("keyed3", metadata, Column("a", CHAR(2)), Column("d", CHAR(2)))
        Table("keyed4", metadata, Column("b", CHAR(2)), Column("q", CHAR(2)))
        Table("content", metadata, Column("t", String(30), key="type"))
        Table("bar", metadata, Column("ctype", String(30), key="content_type"))

        if testing.requires.schemas.enabled:
            Table(
                "wschema",
                metadata,
                Column("a", CHAR(2), key="b"),
                Column("c", CHAR(2), key="q"),
                schema=testing.config.test_schema,
            )

        Table(
            "users",
            metadata,
            Column("id", Integer, primary_key=True),
            Column("team_id", metadata, ForeignKey("teams.id")),
        )
        Table(
            "teams",
            metadata,
            Column("id", Integer, primary_key=True),
        )

    @classmethod
    def insert_data(cls, connection):
        conn = connection
        conn.execute(cls.tables.keyed1.insert(), dict(b="a1", q="c1"))
        conn.execute(cls.tables.keyed2.insert(), dict(a="a2", b="b2"))
        conn.execute(cls.tables.keyed3.insert(), dict(a="a3", d="d3"))
        conn.execute(cls.tables.keyed4.insert(), dict(b="b4", q="q4"))
        conn.execute(cls.tables.content.insert(), dict(type="t1"))

        conn.execute(cls.tables.teams.insert(), dict(id=1))
        conn.execute(cls.tables.users.insert(), dict(id=1, team_id=1))

        if testing.requires.schemas.enabled:
            conn.execute(
                cls.tables["%s.wschema" % testing.config.test_schema].insert(),
                dict(b="a1", q="c1"),
            )

    @testing.requires.schemas
    def test_keyed_accessor_wschema(self, connection):
        keyed1 = self.tables["%s.wschema" % testing.config.test_schema]
        row = connection.execute(keyed1.select()).first()

        eq_(row.b, "a1")
        eq_(row.q, "c1")
        eq_(row.a, "a1")
        eq_(row.c, "c1")

    def test_keyed_accessor_single(self, connection):
        keyed1 = self.tables.keyed1
        row = connection.execute(keyed1.select()).first()

        eq_(row.b, "a1")
        eq_(row.q, "c1")
        eq_(row.a, "a1")
        eq_(row.c, "c1")

    def test_keyed_accessor_single_labeled(self, connection):
        keyed1 = self.tables.keyed1
        row = connection.execute(
            keyed1.select().set_label_style(LABEL_STYLE_TABLENAME_PLUS_COL)
        ).first()

        eq_(row.keyed1_b, "a1")
        eq_(row.keyed1_q, "c1")
        eq_(row.keyed1_a, "a1")
        eq_(row.keyed1_c, "c1")

    def _test_keyed_targeting_no_label_at_all(self, expression, conn):
        lt = literal_column("2")
        stmt = select(literal_column("1"), expression, lt).select_from(
            self.tables.keyed1
        )
        row = conn.execute(stmt).first()

        eq_(row._mapping[expression], "a1")
        eq_(row._mapping[lt], 2)

        # Postgresql for example has the key as "?column?", which dupes
        # easily.  we get around that because we know that "2" is unique
        eq_(row._mapping["2"], 2)

    def test_keyed_targeting_no_label_at_all_one(self, connection):
        class not_named_max(expression.ColumnElement):
            name = "not_named_max"
            inherit_cache = True

        @compiles(not_named_max)
        def visit_max(element, compiler, **kw):
            # explicit add
            if "add_to_result_map" in kw:
                kw["add_to_result_map"](None, None, (element,), NULLTYPE)
            return "max(a)"

        # assert that there is no "AS max_" or any label of any kind.
        eq_(str(select(not_named_max())), "SELECT max(a)")

        nnm = not_named_max()
        self._test_keyed_targeting_no_label_at_all(nnm, connection)

    def test_keyed_targeting_no_label_at_all_two(self, connection):
        class not_named_max(expression.ColumnElement):
            name = "not_named_max"
            inherit_cache = True

        @compiles(not_named_max)
        def visit_max(element, compiler, **kw):
            # we don't add to keymap here; compiler should be doing it
            return "max(a)"

        # assert that there is no "AS max_" or any label of any kind.
        eq_(str(select(not_named_max())), "SELECT max(a)")

        nnm = not_named_max()
        self._test_keyed_targeting_no_label_at_all(nnm, connection)

    def test_keyed_targeting_no_label_at_all_text(self, connection):
        t1 = text("max(a)")
        t2 = text("min(a)")

        stmt = select(t1, t2).select_from(self.tables.keyed1)
        row = connection.execute(stmt).first()

        eq_(row._mapping[t1], "a1")
        eq_(row._mapping[t2], "a1")

    @testing.requires.duplicate_names_in_cursor_description
    def test_keyed_accessor_composite_conflict_2(self, connection):
        keyed1 = self.tables.keyed1
        keyed2 = self.tables.keyed2

        row = connection.execute(
            select(keyed1, keyed2)
            .select_from(keyed1.join(keyed2, true()))
            .set_label_style(LABEL_STYLE_NONE)
        ).first()

        # column access is unambiguous
        eq_(row._mapping[self.tables.keyed2.c.b], "b2")

        # row.a is ambiguous
        assert_raises_message(
            exc.InvalidRequestError, "Ambig", getattr, row, "a"
        )

        # for "b" we have kind of a choice.  the name "b" is not ambiguous in
        # cursor.description in this case.  It is however ambiguous as far as
        # the objects we have queried against, because keyed1.c.a has key="b"
        # and keyed1.c.b is "b".   historically this was allowed as
        # non-ambiguous, however the column it targets changes based on
        # whether or not the dupe is present so it's ambiguous
        # eq_(row.b, "b2")
        assert_raises_message(
            exc.InvalidRequestError, "Ambig", getattr, row, "b"
        )

        # illustrate why row.b above is ambiguous, and not "b2"; because
        # if we didn't have keyed2, now it matches row.a.  a new column
        # shouldn't be able to grab the value from a previous column.
        row = connection.execute(select(keyed1)).first()
        eq_(row.b, "a1")

    def test_keyed_accessor_composite_conflict_2_fix_w_uselabels(
        self, connection
    ):
        keyed1 = self.tables.keyed1
        keyed2 = self.tables.keyed2

        row = connection.execute(
            select(keyed1, keyed2)
            .select_from(keyed1.join(keyed2, true()))
            .set_label_style(LABEL_STYLE_TABLENAME_PLUS_COL)
        ).first()

        # column access is unambiguous
        eq_(row._mapping[self.tables.keyed2.c.b], "b2")

        eq_(row._mapping["keyed2_b"], "b2")
        eq_(row._mapping["keyed1_a"], "a1")

    def test_keyed_accessor_composite_names_precedent(self, connection):
        keyed1 = self.tables.keyed1
        keyed4 = self.tables.keyed4

        row = connection.execute(
            select(keyed1, keyed4).select_from(keyed1.join(keyed4, true()))
        ).first()
        eq_(row.b, "b4")
        eq_(row.q, "q4")
        eq_(row.a, "a1")
        eq_(row.c, "c1")

    @testing.requires.duplicate_names_in_cursor_description
    def test_keyed_accessor_composite_keys_precedent(self, connection):
        keyed1 = self.tables.keyed1
        keyed3 = self.tables.keyed3

        row = connection.execute(
            select(keyed1, keyed3)
            .select_from(keyed1.join(keyed3, true()))
            .set_label_style(LABEL_STYLE_NONE)
        ).first()
        eq_(row.q, "c1")

        # prior to 1.4 #4887, this raised an "ambiguous column name 'a'""
        # message, because "b" is linked to "a" which is a dupe.  but we know
        # where "b" is in the row by position.
        eq_(row.b, "a1")

        # "a" is of course ambiguous
        assert_raises_message(
            exc.InvalidRequestError,
            "Ambiguous column name 'a'",
            getattr,
            row,
            "a",
        )
        eq_(row.d, "d3")

    def test_keyed_accessor_composite_labeled(self, connection):
        keyed1 = self.tables.keyed1
        keyed2 = self.tables.keyed2

        row = connection.execute(
            select(keyed1, keyed2)
            .select_from(keyed1.join(keyed2, true()))
            .set_label_style(LABEL_STYLE_TABLENAME_PLUS_COL)
        ).first()
        eq_(row.keyed1_b, "a1")
        eq_(row.keyed1_a, "a1")
        eq_(row.keyed1_q, "c1")
        eq_(row.keyed1_c, "c1")
        eq_(row.keyed2_a, "a2")
        eq_(row.keyed2_b, "b2")

        assert_raises(KeyError, lambda: row._mapping["keyed2_c"])
        assert_raises(KeyError, lambda: row._mapping["keyed2_q"])

    def test_keyed_accessor_column_is_repeated_multiple_times(
        self, connection
    ):
        # test new logic added as a result of the combination of #4892 and
        # #4887.   We allow duplicate columns, but we also have special logic
        # to disambiguate for the same column repeated, and as #4887 adds
        # stricter ambiguous result column logic, the compiler has to know to
        # not add these dupe columns to the result map, else they register as
        # ambiguous.

        keyed2 = self.tables.keyed2
        keyed3 = self.tables.keyed3

        stmt = (
            select(
                keyed2.c.a,
                keyed3.c.a,
                keyed2.c.a,
                keyed2.c.a,
                keyed3.c.a,
                keyed3.c.a,
                keyed3.c.d,
                keyed3.c.d,
            )
            .select_from(keyed2.join(keyed3, true()))
            .set_label_style(LABEL_STYLE_TABLENAME_PLUS_COL)
        )

        result = connection.execute(stmt)

        # ensure the result map is the same number of cols so we can
        # use positional targeting
        eq_(
            [rec[0] for rec in result.context.compiled._result_columns],
            [
                "keyed2_a",
                "keyed3_a",
                "keyed2_a__1",
                "keyed2_a__2",
                "keyed3_a__1",
                "keyed3_a__2",
                "keyed3_d",
                "keyed3_d__1",
            ],
        )
        row = result.first()

        # keyed access will ignore the dupe cols
        eq_(row._mapping[keyed2.c.a], "a2")
        eq_(row._mapping[keyed3.c.a], "a3")
        eq_(result._getter(keyed3.c.a)(row), "a3")
        eq_(row._mapping[keyed3.c.d], "d3")

        # however we can get everything positionally
        eq_(row, ("a2", "a3", "a2", "a2", "a3", "a3", "d3", "d3"))
        eq_(row[0], "a2")
        eq_(row[1], "a3")
        eq_(row[2], "a2")
        eq_(row[3], "a2")
        eq_(row[4], "a3")
        eq_(row[5], "a3")
        eq_(row[6], "d3")
        eq_(row[7], "d3")

    @testing.requires.duplicate_names_in_cursor_description
    @testing.combinations((None,), (0,), (1,), (2,), argnames="pos")
    @testing.variation("texttype", ["literal", "text"])
    def test_dupe_col_targeting(self, connection, pos, texttype):
        """test #11306"""

        keyed2 = self.tables.keyed2
        col = keyed2.c.b
        data_value = "b2"

        cols = [col, col, col]
        expected = [data_value, data_value, data_value]

        if pos is not None:
            if texttype.literal:
                cols[pos] = literal_column("10")
            elif texttype.text:
                cols[pos] = text("10")
            else:
                texttype.fail()

            expected[pos] = 10

        stmt = select(*cols)

        result = connection.execute(stmt)

        if texttype.text and pos is not None:
            # when using text(), the name of the col is taken from
            # cursor.description directly since we don't know what's
            # inside a text()
            key_for_text_col = result.cursor.description[pos][0]
        elif texttype.literal and pos is not None:
            # for literal_column(), we use the text
            key_for_text_col = "10"

        eq_(result.all(), [tuple(expected)])

        result = connection.execute(stmt).mappings()
        if pos is None:
            eq_(set(result.keys()), {"b", "b__1", "b__2"})
            eq_(
                result.all(),
                [{"b": data_value, "b__1": data_value, "b__2": data_value}],
            )

        else:
            eq_(set(result.keys()), {"b", "b__1", key_for_text_col})

            eq_(
                result.all(),
                [{"b": data_value, "b__1": data_value, key_for_text_col: 10}],
            )

    def test_columnclause_schema_column_one(self, connection):
        # originally addressed by [ticket:2932], however liberalized
        # Column-targeting rules are deprecated
        a, b = sql.column("a"), sql.column("b")
        stmt = select(a, b).select_from(table("keyed2"))
        row = connection.execute(stmt).first()

        in_(a, row._mapping)
        in_(b, row._mapping)

        keyed2 = self.tables.keyed2

        not_in(keyed2.c.a, row._mapping)
        not_in(keyed2.c.b, row._mapping)

    def test_columnclause_schema_column_two(self, connection):
        keyed2 = self.tables.keyed2

        stmt = select(keyed2.c.a, keyed2.c.b)
        row = connection.execute(stmt).first()

        in_(keyed2.c.a, row._mapping)
        in_(keyed2.c.b, row._mapping)

        # in 1.x, would warn for string match, but return a result
        a, b = sql.column("a"), sql.column("b")
        not_in(a, row._mapping)
        not_in(b, row._mapping)

    def test_columnclause_schema_column_three(self, connection):
        # this is also addressed by [ticket:2932]
        stmt = text("select a, b from keyed2").columns(a=CHAR, b=CHAR)
        row = connection.execute(stmt).first()

        in_(stmt.selected_columns.a, row._mapping)
        in_(stmt.selected_columns.b, row._mapping)

        keyed2 = self.tables.keyed2
        a, b = sql.column("a"), sql.column("b")

        # in 1.x, would warn for string match, but return a result
        not_in(keyed2.c.a, row._mapping)
        not_in(keyed2.c.b, row._mapping)
        not_in(a, row._mapping)
        not_in(b, row._mapping)
        not_in(stmt.subquery().c.a, row._mapping)
        not_in(stmt.subquery().c.b, row._mapping)

    def test_columnclause_schema_column_four(self, connection):
        # originally addressed by [ticket:2932], however liberalized
        # Column-targeting rules are deprecated

        a, b = sql.column("keyed2_a"), sql.column("keyed2_b")
        stmt = text("select a AS keyed2_a, b AS keyed2_b from keyed2").columns(
            a, b
        )
        row = connection.execute(stmt).first()

        in_(a, row._mapping)
        in_(b, row._mapping)

        in_(stmt.selected_columns.keyed2_a, row._mapping)
        in_(stmt.selected_columns.keyed2_b, row._mapping)

        keyed2 = self.tables.keyed2

        # in 1.x, would warn for string match, but return a result
        not_in(keyed2.c.a, row._mapping)
        not_in(keyed2.c.b, row._mapping)
        not_in(stmt.subquery().c.keyed2_a, row._mapping)
        not_in(stmt.subquery().c.keyed2_b, row._mapping)

    def test_columnclause_schema_column_five(self, connection):
        # this is also addressed by [ticket:2932]

        stmt = text("select a AS keyed2_a, b AS keyed2_b from keyed2").columns(
            keyed2_a=CHAR, keyed2_b=CHAR
        )
        row = connection.execute(stmt).first()

        in_(stmt.selected_columns.keyed2_a, row._mapping)
        in_(stmt.selected_columns.keyed2_b, row._mapping)

        keyed2 = self.tables.keyed2

        # in 1.x, would warn for string match, but return a result
        not_in(keyed2.c.a, row._mapping)
        not_in(keyed2.c.b, row._mapping)
        not_in(stmt.subquery().c.keyed2_a, row._mapping)
        not_in(stmt.subquery().c.keyed2_b, row._mapping)

    def _adapt_result_columns_fixture_one(self):
        keyed1 = self.tables.keyed1
        stmt = (
            select(keyed1.c.b, keyed1.c.q.label("foo"))
            .set_label_style(LABEL_STYLE_TABLENAME_PLUS_COL)
            .subquery()
        )

        return select(stmt.c.keyed1_b, stmt.c.foo)

    def _adapt_result_columns_fixture_two(self):
        return text("select a AS keyed2_a, b AS keyed2_b from keyed2").columns(
            column("keyed2_a", CHAR), column("keyed2_b", CHAR)
        )

    def _adapt_result_columns_fixture_three(self):
        keyed1 = self.tables.keyed1
        stmt = select(keyed1.c.b, keyed1.c.q.label("foo")).subquery()

        return select(stmt.c.b, stmt.c.foo)

    def _adapt_result_columns_fixture_four(self):
        keyed1 = self.tables.keyed1

        stmt1 = select(keyed1).set_label_style(LABEL_STYLE_TABLENAME_PLUS_COL)

        a1 = keyed1.alias()
        stmt2 = ClauseAdapter(a1).traverse(stmt1)

        return stmt2

    def _adapt_result_columns_fixture_five(self):
        users, teams = self.tables("users", "teams")
        return select(users.c.id, teams.c.id).select_from(
            users.outerjoin(teams)
        )

    def _adapt_result_columns_fixture_six(self):
        # this has _result_columns structure that is not ordered
        # the same as the cursor.description.
        return text("select a AS keyed2_a, b AS keyed2_b from keyed2").columns(
            keyed2_b=CHAR,
            keyed2_a=CHAR,
        )

    def _adapt_result_columns_fixture_seven(self):
        # this has _result_columns structure that is not ordered
        # the same as the cursor.description.
        return text("select a AS keyed2_a, b AS keyed2_b from keyed2").columns(
            keyed2_b=CHAR, bogus_col=CHAR
        )

    @testing.combinations(
        _adapt_result_columns_fixture_one,
        _adapt_result_columns_fixture_two,
        _adapt_result_columns_fixture_three,
        _adapt_result_columns_fixture_four,
        _adapt_result_columns_fixture_five,
        _adapt_result_columns_fixture_six,
        _adapt_result_columns_fixture_seven,
        argnames="stmt_fn",
    )
    def test_adapt_result_columns(self, connection, stmt_fn):
        """test adaptation of a CursorResultMetadata to another one.


        This copies the _keymap from one to the other in terms of the
        selected columns of a target selectable.

        This is used by the statement caching process to reuse the
        CursorResultMetadata from the cached statement against the same
        statement sent separately.

        """

        stmt1 = stmt_fn(self)
        stmt2 = stmt_fn(self)

        eq_(stmt1._generate_cache_key(), stmt2._generate_cache_key())

        column_linkage = dict(
            zip(stmt1.selected_columns, stmt2.selected_columns)
        )

        for i in range(2):
            try:
                result = connection.execute(stmt1)

                mock_context = Mock(
                    compiled=result.context.compiled, invoked_statement=stmt2
                )
                existing_metadata = result._metadata
                adapted_metadata = existing_metadata._adapt_to_context(
                    mock_context
                )

                eq_(existing_metadata.keys, adapted_metadata.keys)

                for k in existing_metadata._keymap:
                    if isinstance(k, ColumnElement) and k in column_linkage:
                        other_k = column_linkage[k]
                    else:
                        other_k = k

                    is_(
                        existing_metadata._keymap[k],
                        adapted_metadata._keymap[other_k],
                    )
            finally:
                result.close()

    @testing.combinations(
        _adapt_result_columns_fixture_one,
        _adapt_result_columns_fixture_two,
        _adapt_result_columns_fixture_three,
        _adapt_result_columns_fixture_four,
        _adapt_result_columns_fixture_five,
        _adapt_result_columns_fixture_six,
        _adapt_result_columns_fixture_seven,
        argnames="stmt_fn",
    )
    def test_adapt_result_columns_from_cache(self, connection, stmt_fn):
        stmt1 = stmt_fn(self)
        stmt2 = stmt_fn(self)

        cache = {}
        result = connection.execute(
            stmt1,
            execution_options={"compiled_cache": cache},
        )
        result.close()
        assert cache

        result = connection.execute(
            stmt2,
            execution_options={"compiled_cache": cache},
        )

        row = result.first()
        for col in stmt2.selected_columns:
            if "bogus" in col.name:
                assert col not in row._mapping
            else:
                assert col in row._mapping


class PositionalTextTest(fixtures.TablesTest):
    run_inserts = "once"
    run_deletes = None
    __sparse_driver_backend__ = True

    @classmethod
    def define_tables(cls, metadata):
        Table(
            "text1",
            metadata,
            Column("a", CHAR(2)),
            Column("b", CHAR(2)),
            Column("c", CHAR(2)),
            Column("d", CHAR(2)),
        )

    @classmethod
    def insert_data(cls, connection):
        connection.execute(
            cls.tables.text1.insert(),
            [dict(a="a1", b="b1", c="c1", d="d1")],
        )

    def test_via_column(self, connection):
        c1, c2, c3, c4 = column("q"), column("p"), column("r"), column("d")
        stmt = text("select a, b, c, d from text1").columns(c1, c2, c3, c4)

        result = connection.execute(stmt)
        row = result.first()

        eq_(row._mapping[c2], "b1")
        eq_(row._mapping[c4], "d1")
        eq_(row[1], "b1")
        eq_(row._mapping["b"], "b1")
        eq_(list(row._mapping.keys()), ["a", "b", "c", "d"])
        eq_(row._fields, ("a", "b", "c", "d"))
        eq_(row._mapping["r"], "c1")
        eq_(row._mapping["d"], "d1")

    def test_fewer_cols_than_sql_positional(self, connection):
        c1, c2 = column("q"), column("p")
        stmt = text("select a, b, c, d from text1").columns(c1, c2)

        # no warning as this can be similar for non-positional
        result = connection.execute(stmt)
        row = result.first()

        eq_(row._mapping[c1], "a1")
        eq_(row._mapping["c"], "c1")

    def test_fewer_cols_than_sql_non_positional(self, connection):
        c1, c2 = column("a"), column("p")
        stmt = text("select a, b, c, d from text1").columns(c2, c1, d=CHAR)

        # no warning as this can be similar for non-positional
        result = connection.execute(stmt)
        row = result.first()

        # c1 name matches, locates
        eq_(row._mapping[c1], "a1")
        eq_(row._mapping["c"], "c1")

        # c2 name does not match, doesn't locate
        assert_raises_message(
            exc.NoSuchColumnError,
            "in row for column 'p'",
            lambda: row._mapping[c2],
        )

    def test_more_cols_than_sql_positional(self, connection):
        c1, c2, c3, c4 = column("q"), column("p"), column("r"), column("d")
        stmt = text("select a, b from text1").columns(c1, c2, c3, c4)

        with assertions.expect_warnings(
            r"Number of columns in textual SQL \(4\) is "
            r"smaller than number of columns requested \(2\)"
        ):
            result = connection.execute(stmt)

        row = result.first()
        eq_(row._mapping[c2], "b1")

        assert_raises_message(
            exc.NoSuchColumnError,
            "in row for column 'r'",
            lambda: row._mapping[c3],
        )

    def test_more_cols_than_sql_nonpositional(self, connection):
        c1, c2, c3, c4 = column("b"), column("a"), column("r"), column("d")
        stmt = TextualSelect(
            text("select a, b from text1"), [c1, c2, c3, c4], positional=False
        )

        # no warning for non-positional
        result = connection.execute(stmt)

        row = result.first()
        eq_(row._mapping[c1], "b1")
        eq_(row._mapping[c2], "a1")

        assert_raises_message(
            exc.NoSuchColumnError,
            "in row for column 'r'",
            lambda: row._mapping[c3],
        )

    def test_more_cols_than_sql_nonpositional_labeled_cols(self, connection):
        text1 = self.tables.text1
        c1, c2, c3, c4 = text1.c.b, text1.c.a, column("r"), column("d")

        # the compiler will enable loose matching for this statement
        # so that column._label is taken into account
        stmt = TextualSelect(
            text("select a, b AS text1_b from text1"),
            [c1, c2, c3, c4],
            positional=False,
        )

        # no warning for non-positional
        result = connection.execute(stmt)

        row = result.first()
        eq_(row._mapping[c1], "b1")
        eq_(row._mapping[c2], "a1")

        assert_raises_message(
            exc.NoSuchColumnError,
            "in row for column 'r'",
            lambda: row._mapping[c3],
        )

    def test_dupe_col_obj(self, connection):
        c1, c2, c3 = column("q"), column("p"), column("r")
        stmt = text("select a, b, c, d from text1").columns(c1, c2, c3, c2)

        assert_raises_message(
            exc.InvalidRequestError,
            "Duplicate column expression requested in "
            "textual SQL: <.*.ColumnClause.*; p>",
            connection.execute,
            stmt,
        )

    def test_anon_aliased_unique(self, connection):
        text1 = self.tables.text1

        c1 = text1.c.a.label(None)
        c2 = text1.alias().c.c
        c3 = text1.alias().c.b
        c4 = text1.alias().c.d.label(None)

        stmt = text("select a, b, c, d from text1").columns(c1, c2, c3, c4)
        result = connection.execute(stmt)
        row = result.first()

        eq_(row._mapping[c1], "a1")
        eq_(row._mapping[c2], "b1")
        eq_(row._mapping[c3], "c1")
        eq_(row._mapping[c4], "d1")

        # in 1.x, would warn for string match, but return a result
        assert_raises_message(
            exc.NoSuchColumnError,
            "Could not locate column in row for column 'text1.a'",
            lambda: row._mapping[text1.c.a],
        )

        # in 1.x, would warn for string match, but return a result
        assert_raises_message(
            exc.NoSuchColumnError,
            "Could not locate column in row for column 'text1.d'",
            lambda: row._mapping[text1.c.d],
        )

        # text1.c.b goes nowhere....because we hit key fallback
        # but the text1.c.b doesn't derive from text1.c.c
        assert_raises_message(
            exc.NoSuchColumnError,
            "Could not locate column in row for column 'text1.b'",
            lambda: row._mapping[text1.c.b],
        )

    def test_anon_aliased_overlapping(self, connection):
        text1 = self.tables.text1

        c1 = text1.c.a.label(None)
        c2 = text1.alias().c.a
        c3 = text1.alias().c.a.label(None)
        c4 = text1.c.a.label(None)

        stmt = text("select a, b, c, d from text1").columns(c1, c2, c3, c4)
        result = connection.execute(stmt)
        row = result.first()

        eq_(row._mapping[c1], "a1")
        eq_(row._mapping[c2], "b1")
        eq_(row._mapping[c3], "c1")
        eq_(row._mapping[c4], "d1")

        # in 1.x, would warn for string match, but return a result
        assert_raises_message(
            exc.NoSuchColumnError,
            "Could not locate column in row for column 'text1.a'",
            lambda: row._mapping[text1.c.a],
        )

    def test_anon_aliased_name_conflict(self, connection):
        text1 = self.tables.text1

        c1 = text1.c.a.label("a")
        c2 = text1.alias().c.a
        c3 = text1.alias().c.a.label("a")
        c4 = text1.c.a.label("a")

        # all cols are named "a".  if we are positional, we don't care.
        # this is new logic in 1.1
        stmt = text("select a, b as a, c as a, d as a from text1").columns(
            c1, c2, c3, c4
        )
        result = connection.execute(stmt)
        row = result.first()

        eq_(row._mapping[c1], "a1")
        eq_(row._mapping[c2], "b1")
        eq_(row._mapping[c3], "c1")
        eq_(row._mapping[c4], "d1")

        # fails, because we hit key fallback and find conflicts
        # in columns that are presnet
        assert_raises_message(
            exc.NoSuchColumnError,
            "Could not locate column in row for column 'text1.a'",
            lambda: row._mapping[text1.c.a],
        )


class AlternateCursorResultTest(fixtures.TablesTest):
    __requires__ = ("sqlite",)

    @classmethod
    def setup_bind(cls):
        cls.engine = engine = engines.testing_engine(
            "sqlite://", options={"scope": "class"}
        )
        return engine

    @classmethod
    def define_tables(cls, metadata):
        Table(
            "test",
            metadata,
            Column("x", Integer, primary_key=True),
            Column("y", String(50)),
        )

    @classmethod
    def insert_data(cls, connection):
        connection.execute(
            cls.tables.test.insert(),
            [{"x": i, "y": "t_%d" % i} for i in range(1, 12)],
        )

    @contextmanager
    def _proxy_fixture(self, cls):
        self.table = self.tables.test

        class ExcCtx(default.DefaultExecutionContext):
            def post_exec(self):
                if cls is _cursor.CursorFetchStrategy:
                    pass
                elif cls is _cursor.BufferedRowCursorFetchStrategy:
                    self.cursor_fetch_strategy = cls(
                        self.cursor, self.execution_options
                    )
                elif cls is _cursor.FullyBufferedCursorFetchStrategy:
                    self.cursor_fetch_strategy = cls(
                        self.cursor,
                        self.cursor.description,
                        self.cursor.fetchall(),
                    )
                else:
                    assert False

        self.patcher = patch.object(
            self.engine.dialect, "execution_ctx_cls", ExcCtx
        )

        with self.patcher:
            yield

    def _test_proxy(self, cls):
        with self._proxy_fixture(cls):
            rows = []
            with self.engine.connect() as conn:
                r = conn.execute(select(self.table))
                assert isinstance(r.cursor_strategy, cls)
                for i in range(5):
                    rows.append(r.fetchone())
                eq_(rows, [(i, "t_%d" % i) for i in range(1, 6)])

                rows = r.fetchmany(3)
                eq_(rows, [(i, "t_%d" % i) for i in range(6, 9)])

                rows = r.fetchall()
                eq_(rows, [(i, "t_%d" % i) for i in range(9, 12)])

                r = conn.execute(select(self.table))
                rows = r.fetchmany(None)
                eq_(rows[0], (1, "t_1"))
                # number of rows here could be one, or the whole thing
                assert len(rows) == 1 or len(rows) == 11

                r = conn.execute(select(self.table).limit(1))
                r.fetchone()
                eq_(r.fetchone(), None)

                r = conn.execute(select(self.table).limit(5))
                rows = r.fetchmany(6)
                eq_(rows, [(i, "t_%d" % i) for i in range(1, 6)])

                # result keeps going just fine with blank results...
                eq_(r.fetchmany(2), [])

                eq_(r.fetchmany(2), [])

                eq_(r.fetchall(), [])

                eq_(r.fetchone(), None)

                # until we close
                r.close()

                self._assert_result_closed(r)

                r = conn.execute(select(self.table).limit(5))
                eq_(r.first(), (1, "t_1"))
                self._assert_result_closed(r)

                r = conn.execute(select(self.table).limit(5))
                eq_(r.scalar(), 1)
                self._assert_result_closed(r)

    def _assert_result_closed(self, r):
        assert_raises_message(
            sa_exc.ResourceClosedError, "object is closed", r.fetchone
        )

        assert_raises_message(
            sa_exc.ResourceClosedError, "object is closed", r.fetchmany, 2
        )

        assert_raises_message(
            sa_exc.ResourceClosedError, "object is closed", r.fetchall
        )

    def test_basic_plain(self):
        self._test_proxy(_cursor.CursorFetchStrategy)

    def test_basic_buffered_row_result_proxy(self):
        self._test_proxy(_cursor.BufferedRowCursorFetchStrategy)

    def test_basic_fully_buffered_result_proxy(self):
        self._test_proxy(_cursor.FullyBufferedCursorFetchStrategy)

    def test_basic_buffered_column_result_proxy(self):
        self._test_proxy(_cursor.CursorFetchStrategy)

    def test_resultprocessor_plain(self):
        self._test_result_processor(_cursor.CursorFetchStrategy, False)

    def test_resultprocessor_plain_cached(self):
        self._test_result_processor(_cursor.CursorFetchStrategy, True)

    def test_resultprocessor_buffered_row(self):
        self._test_result_processor(
            _cursor.BufferedRowCursorFetchStrategy, False
        )

    def test_resultprocessor_buffered_row_cached(self):
        self._test_result_processor(
            _cursor.BufferedRowCursorFetchStrategy, True
        )

    def test_resultprocessor_fully_buffered(self):
        self._test_result_processor(
            _cursor.FullyBufferedCursorFetchStrategy, False
        )

    def test_resultprocessor_fully_buffered_cached(self):
        self._test_result_processor(
            _cursor.FullyBufferedCursorFetchStrategy, True
        )

    def _test_result_processor(self, cls, use_cache):
        class MyType(TypeDecorator):
            impl = String()
            cache_ok = True

            def process_result_value(self, value, dialect):
                return "HI " + value

        with self._proxy_fixture(cls):
            with self.engine.connect() as conn:
                if use_cache:
                    cache = {}
                    conn = conn.execution_options(compiled_cache=cache)

                stmt = select(literal("THERE", type_=MyType()))
                for i in range(2):
                    r = conn.execute(stmt)
                    eq_(r.scalar(), "HI THERE")

    @testing.fixture
    def row_growth_fixture(self):
        with self._proxy_fixture(_cursor.BufferedRowCursorFetchStrategy):
            with self.engine.begin() as conn:
                conn.execute(
                    self.table.insert(),
                    [{"x": i, "y": "t_%d" % i} for i in range(15, 3000)],
                )
                yield conn

    @testing.combinations(
        ("no option", None, {0: 5, 1: 25, 9: 125, 135: 625, 274: 1000}),
        ("lt 1000", 27, {0: 5, 16: 27, 70: 27, 150: 27, 250: 27}),
        (
            "gt 1000",
            1500,
            {0: 5, 1: 25, 9: 125, 135: 625, 274: 1500, 1351: 1500},
        ),
        (
            "gt 1500",
            2000,
            {0: 5, 1: 25, 9: 125, 135: 625, 274: 2000, 1351: 2000},
        ),
        id_="iaa",
        argnames="max_row_buffer,checks",
    )
    def test_buffered_row_growth(
        self, row_growth_fixture, max_row_buffer, checks
    ):
        if max_row_buffer:
            result = row_growth_fixture.execution_options(
                max_row_buffer=max_row_buffer
            ).execute(self.table.select())
        else:
            result = row_growth_fixture.execute(self.table.select())

        assertion = {}
        max_size = max(checks.values())
        for idx, row in enumerate(result, 0):
            if idx in checks:
                assertion[idx] = result.cursor_strategy._bufsize
            le_(len(result.cursor_strategy._rowbuffer), max_size)

    def test_buffered_fetchmany_fixed(self, row_growth_fixture):
        """The BufferedRow cursor strategy will defer to the fetchmany
        size passed when given rather than using the buffer growth
        heuristic.

        """
        result = row_growth_fixture.execute(self.table.select())
        eq_(len(result.cursor_strategy._rowbuffer), 1)

        rows = result.fetchmany(300)
        eq_(len(rows), 300)
        eq_(len(result.cursor_strategy._rowbuffer), 0)

        rows = result.fetchmany(300)
        eq_(len(rows), 300)
        eq_(len(result.cursor_strategy._rowbuffer), 0)

        bufsize = result.cursor_strategy._bufsize
        result.fetchone()

        # the fetchone() caused it to buffer a full set of rows
        eq_(len(result.cursor_strategy._rowbuffer), bufsize - 1)

        # assert partitions uses fetchmany(), therefore controlling
        # how the buffer is used
        lens = []
        for partition in result.partitions(180):
            lens.append(len(partition))
            eq_(len(result.cursor_strategy._rowbuffer), 0)

        for lp in lens[0:-1]:
            eq_(lp, 180)

    def test_buffered_fetchmany_yield_per(self, connection):
        table = self.tables.test

        connection.execute(
            table.insert(),
            [{"x": i, "y": "t_%d" % i} for i in range(15, 3000)],
        )

        result = connection.execute(table.select())
        assert isinstance(result.cursor_strategy, _cursor.CursorFetchStrategy)

        result.fetchmany(5)

        result = result.yield_per(100)
        assert isinstance(
            result.cursor_strategy, _cursor.BufferedRowCursorFetchStrategy
        )
        eq_(result.cursor_strategy._bufsize, 100)
        eq_(result.cursor_strategy._growth_factor, 0)
        eq_(len(result.cursor_strategy._rowbuffer), 0)

        result.fetchone()
        eq_(len(result.cursor_strategy._rowbuffer), 99)

        for i, row in enumerate(result):
            if i == 188:
                break

        # buffer of 98, plus buffer of 99 - 89, 10 rows
        eq_(len(result.cursor_strategy._rowbuffer), 10)

        for i, row in enumerate(result):
            if i == 206:
                break

        eq_(i, 206)

    def test_iterator_remains_unbroken(self, connection):
        """test related to #8710.

        demonstrate that we can't close the cursor by catching
        GeneratorExit inside of our iteration.  Leaving the iterable
        block using break, then picking up again, would be directly
        impacted by this.  So this provides a clear rationale for
        providing context manager support for result objects.

        """
        table = self.tables.test

        connection.execute(
            table.insert(),
            [{"x": i, "y": "t_%d" % i} for i in range(15, 250)],
        )

        result = connection.execute(table.select())
        result = result.yield_per(100)
        for i, row in enumerate(result):
            if i == 188:
                # this will raise GeneratorExit inside the iterator.
                # so we can't close the DBAPI cursor here, we have plenty
                # more rows to yield
                break

        eq_(i, 188)

        # demonstrate getting more rows
        for i, row in enumerate(result, 188):
            if i == 206:
                break

        eq_(i, 206)

    @testing.combinations(True, False, argnames="close_on_init")
    @testing.combinations(
        "fetchone", "fetchmany", "fetchall", argnames="fetch_style"
    )
    def test_buffered_fetch_auto_soft_close(
        self, connection, close_on_init, fetch_style
    ):
        """test #7274"""

        table = self.tables.test

        connection.execute(
            table.insert(),
            [{"x": i, "y": "t_%d" % i} for i in range(15, 30)],
        )

        result = connection.execute(table.select().limit(15))
        assert isinstance(result.cursor_strategy, _cursor.CursorFetchStrategy)

        if close_on_init:
            # close_on_init - the initial buffering will exhaust the cursor,
            # should soft close immediately
            result = result.yield_per(30)
        else:
            # not close_on_init - soft close will occur after fetching an
            # empty buffer
            result = result.yield_per(5)
        assert isinstance(
            result.cursor_strategy, _cursor.BufferedRowCursorFetchStrategy
        )

        with mock.patch.object(result, "_soft_close") as soft_close:
            if fetch_style == "fetchone":
                while True:
                    row = result.fetchone()

                    if row:
                        eq_(soft_close.mock_calls, [])
                    else:
                        # fetchone() is also used by first(), scalar()
                        # and one() which want to embed a hard close in one
                        # step
                        eq_(soft_close.mock_calls, [mock.call(hard=False)])
                        break
            elif fetch_style == "fetchmany":
                while True:
                    rows = result.fetchmany(5)

                    if rows:
                        eq_(soft_close.mock_calls, [])
                    else:
                        eq_(soft_close.mock_calls, [mock.call()])
                        break
            elif fetch_style == "fetchall":
                rows = result.fetchall()

                eq_(soft_close.mock_calls, [mock.call()])
            else:
                assert False

        result.close()

    def test_buffered_fetchmany_yield_per_all(self, connection):
        table = self.tables.test

        connection.execute(
            table.insert(),
            [{"x": i, "y": "t_%d" % i} for i in range(15, 500)],
        )

        result = connection.execute(table.select())
        assert isinstance(result.cursor_strategy, _cursor.CursorFetchStrategy)

        result.fetchmany(5)

        result = result.yield_per(0)
        assert isinstance(
            result.cursor_strategy, _cursor.BufferedRowCursorFetchStrategy
        )
        eq_(result.cursor_strategy._bufsize, 0)
        eq_(result.cursor_strategy._growth_factor, 0)
        eq_(len(result.cursor_strategy._rowbuffer), 0)

        result.fetchone()
        eq_(len(result.cursor_strategy._rowbuffer), 490)

        for i, row in enumerate(result):
            if i == 188:
                break

        eq_(len(result.cursor_strategy._rowbuffer), 301)

        # already buffered, so this doesn't change things
        result.yield_per(10)

        result.fetchmany(5)
        eq_(len(result.cursor_strategy._rowbuffer), 296)

        self._test_result_processor(
            _cursor.BufferedRowCursorFetchStrategy, False
        )

    @testing.combinations(
        _cursor.CursorFetchStrategy,
        _cursor.BufferedRowCursorFetchStrategy,
        # does not handle error in fetch
        # _cursor.FullyBufferedCursorFetchStrategy,
        argnames="strategy_cls",
    )
    @testing.combinations(
        "fetchone",
        "fetchmany",
        "fetchmany_w_num",
        "fetchall",
        argnames="method_name",
    )
    def test_handle_error_in_fetch(self, strategy_cls, method_name):
        class cursor:
            def raise_(self):
                raise OSError("random non-DBAPI error during cursor operation")

            def fetchone(self):
                self.raise_()

            def fetchmany(self, num=None):
                self.raise_()

            def fetchall(self):
                self.raise_()

            def close(self):
                self.raise_()

        with self._proxy_fixture(strategy_cls):
            with self.engine.connect() as conn:
                r = conn.execute(select(self.table))
                assert isinstance(r.cursor_strategy, strategy_cls)
                with mock.patch.object(r, "cursor", cursor()):
                    with testing.expect_raises_message(
                        IOError, "random non-DBAPI"
                    ):
                        if method_name == "fetchmany_w_num":
                            r.fetchmany(10)
                        else:
                            getattr(r, method_name)()
                            getattr(r, method_name)()

                r.close()

    def test_buffered_row_close_error_during_fetchone(self):
        def raise_(**kw):
            raise OSError("random non-DBAPI error during cursor operation")

        with self._proxy_fixture(_cursor.BufferedRowCursorFetchStrategy):
            with self.engine.connect() as conn:
                r = conn.execute(select(self.table).limit(1))

                r.fetchone()
                with mock.patch.object(
                    r, "_soft_close", raise_
                ), testing.expect_raises_message(IOError, "random non-DBAPI"):
                    r.first()
                r.close()


class MergeCursorResultTest(fixtures.TablesTest):
    __sparse_driver_backend__ = True

    __requires__ = ("independent_cursors",)

    @classmethod
    def define_tables(cls, metadata):
        Table(
            "users",
            metadata,
            Column("user_id", INT, primary_key=True, autoincrement=False),
            Column("user_name", VARCHAR(20)),
            test_needs_acid=True,
        )

    @classmethod
    def insert_data(cls, connection):
        users = cls.tables.users

        connection.execute(
            users.insert(),
            [
                {"user_id": 7, "user_name": "u1"},
                {"user_id": 8, "user_name": "u2"},
                {"user_id": 9, "user_name": "u3"},
                {"user_id": 10, "user_name": "u4"},
                {"user_id": 11, "user_name": "u5"},
                {"user_id": 12, "user_name": "u6"},
            ],
        )

    @testing.fixture
    def merge_fixture(self):
        users = self.tables.users

        def results(connection):
            r1 = connection.execute(
                users.select()
                .where(users.c.user_id.in_([7, 8]))
                .order_by(users.c.user_id)
            )
            r2 = connection.execute(
                users.select()
                .where(users.c.user_id.in_([9]))
                .order_by(users.c.user_id)
            )
            r3 = connection.execute(
                users.select()
                .where(users.c.user_id.in_([10, 11]))
                .order_by(users.c.user_id)
            )
            r4 = connection.execute(
                users.select()
                .where(users.c.user_id.in_([12]))
                .order_by(users.c.user_id)
            )
            return r1, r2, r3, r4

        return results

    def test_merge_results(self, connection, merge_fixture):
        r1, r2, r3, r4 = merge_fixture(connection)

        result = r1.merge(r2, r3, r4)

        eq_(result.keys(), ["user_id", "user_name"])
        row = result.fetchone()
        eq_(row, (7, "u1"))
        result.close()

    def test_close(self, connection, merge_fixture):
        r1, r2, r3, r4 = merge_fixture(connection)

        result = r1.merge(r2, r3, r4)

        for r in [result, r1, r2, r3, r4]:
            assert not r.closed

        result.close()
        for r in [result, r1, r2, r3, r4]:
            assert r.closed

    def test_fetchall(self, connection, merge_fixture):
        r1, r2, r3, r4 = merge_fixture(connection)

        result = r1.merge(r2, r3, r4)
        eq_(
            result.fetchall(),
            [
                (7, "u1"),
                (8, "u2"),
                (9, "u3"),
                (10, "u4"),
                (11, "u5"),
                (12, "u6"),
            ],
        )
        for r in [r1, r2, r3, r4]:
            assert r._soft_closed

    def test_first(self, connection, merge_fixture):
        r1, r2, r3, r4 = merge_fixture(connection)

        result = r1.merge(r2, r3, r4)
        eq_(
            result.first(),
            (7, "u1"),
        )
        for r in [r1, r2, r3, r4]:
            assert r.closed

    def test_columns(self, connection, merge_fixture):
        r1, r2, r3, r4 = merge_fixture(connection)

        result = r1.merge(r2, r3, r4)
        eq_(
            result.columns("user_name").fetchmany(4),
            [("u1",), ("u2",), ("u3",), ("u4",)],
        )
        result.close()


class GenerativeResultTest(fixtures.TablesTest):
    __sparse_driver_backend__ = True

    @classmethod
    def define_tables(cls, metadata):
        Table(
            "users",
            metadata,
            Column("user_id", INT, primary_key=True, autoincrement=False),
            Column("user_name", VARCHAR(20)),
            Column("x", Integer),
            Column("y", Integer),
            test_needs_acid=True,
        )
        Table(
            "users_autoinc",
            metadata,
            Column(
                "user_id", INT, primary_key=True, test_needs_autoincrement=True
            ),
            Column("user_name", VARCHAR(20)),
            test_needs_acid=True,
        )

    def test_fetchall(self, connection):
        users = self.tables.users
        connection.execute(
            users.insert(),
            [
                {"user_id": 7, "user_name": "jack", "x": 1, "y": 2},
                {"user_id": 8, "user_name": "ed", "x": 2, "y": 3},
                {"user_id": 9, "user_name": "fred", "x": 15, "y": 20},
            ],
        )

        result = connection.execute(select(users).order_by(users.c.user_id))
        eq_(
            result.all(),
            [(7, "jack", 1, 2), (8, "ed", 2, 3), (9, "fred", 15, 20)],
        )

    @testing.combinations(
        ((1, 0), [("jack", 7), ("ed", 8), ("fred", 9)]),
        ((3,), [(2,), (3,), (20,)]),
        ((-2, -1), [(1, 2), (2, 3), (15, 20)]),
        argnames="columns, expected",
    )
    def test_columns(self, connection, columns, expected):
        users = self.tables.users
        connection.execute(
            users.insert(),
            [
                {"user_id": 7, "user_name": "jack", "x": 1, "y": 2},
                {"user_id": 8, "user_name": "ed", "x": 2, "y": 3},
                {"user_id": 9, "user_name": "fred", "x": 15, "y": 20},
            ],
        )

        result = connection.execute(select(users).order_by(users.c.user_id))

        all_ = result.columns(*columns).all()
        eq_(all_, expected)

        assert type(all_[0]) is Row

    def test_columns_twice(self, connection):
        users = self.tables.users
        connection.execute(
            users.insert(),
            [{"user_id": 7, "user_name": "jack", "x": 1, "y": 2}],
        )

        result = connection.execute(select(users).order_by(users.c.user_id))

        all_ = (
            result.columns("x", "y", "user_name", "user_id")
            .columns("user_name", "x")
            .all()
        )
        eq_(all_, [("jack", 1)])

        assert type(all_[0]) is Row

    def test_columns_plus_getter(self, connection):
        users = self.tables.users
        connection.execute(
            users.insert(),
            [{"user_id": 7, "user_name": "jack", "x": 1, "y": 2}],
        )

        result = connection.execute(select(users).order_by(users.c.user_id))

        result = result.columns("x", "y", "user_name")
        getter = result._metadata._getter("y")

        eq_(getter(result.first()), 2)

    def test_partitions(self, connection):
        users = self.tables.users
        connection.execute(
            users.insert(),
            [
                {
                    "user_id": i,
                    "user_name": "user %s" % i,
                    "x": i * 5,
                    "y": i * 20,
                }
                for i in range(500)
            ],
        )

        result = connection.execute(select(users).order_by(users.c.user_id))

        start = 0
        for partition in result.columns(0, 1).partitions(20):
            eq_(
                partition,
                [(i, "user %s" % i) for i in range(start, start + 20)],
            )
            start += 20

        assert result._soft_closed
